The Importance of Reading Essay Example for Free

The Importance of interpreting EssayPeople are living in a world where mod technological advances have replaced the desire to read. Reading, in my opinion, has become less important to many adults and children. Some children and teenagers prefer to watch a movie or playing video recording games instead of information a book. Some adults prefer to watch television than to read a good novel. Reading, in some peoples agenda, is not as important as it used to be like in the early 1900s. To some people watching a movie or basketb both game game on television is more important than reading a book.It is a well-known fact that when there were no televisions or computers, reading was a primary leisure activity. People would spend hours reading books and travel to lands far away-in their minds. The only tragedy is that, with time, people have lost their skill and passion to read. there are many other exciting and thrilling options usable, aside from books. And that is a shame beca use reading offers a productive approach to improving vocabulary and develop power.It is advisable to indulge in at least half an hour of reading a day to keep abreast of the various styles of writing and new vocabulary. It is observed that children and teenagers who love reading have comparatively higher IQs. They are more creative and do better in school and college. It is recommended that parents to inculcate the immensity of reading to their children in the early years. Reading is said to significantly help in developing vocabulary, and reading aloud helps to build a strong ablaze bond between parents and children.The children who start reading from an early age are observed to have good language skills, and they grasp the variances in phonics much better. Reading helps in mental development and is known to stimulate the muscles of the eyes. Reading is an activity that involves greater levels of concentration and adds to the conversational skills of the reader. It is an indul gence that enhances the knowledge acquired, consistently. The habit of reading too helps readers to decipher new words and phrases that they come across in bothday conversations.The habit can become a healthy addiction and adds to the information available on various topics. I personally love to read, I could say its my hobby but its more than that I could stay up all night just to finish a book Im reading, and once I open a book I cant blotto it. I really dont care what the book is about or of what genre it is if its interesting I wont stop reading until I finish it. I think of reading as a way to escape from everything, travelling to another time or place eve to another world.Once you get into the story youll never want to get out. Some people even imagine they are one of the characters from the story, Im not one of them but I do imagine as if Im there just watching everything, I imagine every single detail, the characters features, the setting, even the most minimum detail as a necklace one of the characters is using, you in reality feel every emotion the characters feel and you can actually fall in love with them. Everyone deep inside is a reader they just havent found the right book.

Effective Presentations Essay Example for Free

Effective Presentations EssayPresentation is use to summarize, defend or even designate important ideas to an audience. Thus, the beginning of the presentation gains the attention of audiences and establishes its purpose. Selecting the context, designing the learning experience and producing efficient, effective and appealing presentation mint be liberal though it is the hardest disassociate (Courses Surveys, 1977). To produce an appealing presentation, one should keep the design short and simple in order to produce effective design. The color should be used to show a word or use a transition to disclose the answer to a question. The designer should evade the confusion. It is better off to have particular white space than having irrelevant piece of clipart that dirty dog be distracting. Fewer words should be chosen rather than more words and use well cropped photographs than cluttered distance shot (Courses Surveys, 1977). The viewers should be kept focused and interest ed. This can be done by using key phrases and including only requisite tuition. The word should be limited and simplified and avoid using of much bullets per slides. The presentation should be easy to follow by keeping the important information visible.The punctuation and font case should be considered. For instance, use of all caps makes the statements more difficult to read. The font size and type used should be simple and easy to read. Thus the designer should avoid using fancy and script fonts as they are hard to read on the screen. The font type and size should be visible to the audience and uniform throughout the presentation (Courses Surveys, 1977). Consequently, the background colors and that of the text should be contrasting. It is preferred to use dark text on a light background.Color should be toned down to make the light colors easy on the eyes. Patterned or textured backgrounds reduce discernability of the text. The color scheme used should remain consistent through out the presentation. In addition to that, when using a theme or template for a design, it should be appropriate to the audience. Therefore, a layout should be straightforward and clean if the design is aimed for business and if aimed the audience to be young children, it should be full of colors and variety of shapes (Courses Surveys, 1977).The material body of slides should be limited to ensure that the presentation will not be too long and drawn out. This prevents the problem of continually changing the slides during the presentation which can be a distraction to the audience or viewers. For the presentation to be effective and more attracting there should be a combination of photos, charts, graphs and even engraft digitalized video with text to add variety and keep the presentation interested to the viewers.In addition, excessive use of animation and transition should be avoided. This is because the audience can be distracted by too much of the transitions and animation beari ng in mind that slide shows is meant to be a visual aid only when not a focus of the presentation. Also animation should be consistent in the presentation by using of animation schemes and the same transitions should be used throughout the presentation (Courses Surveys, 1977).Finally, the designer or rather the presenter should make sure that his/her presentation can run on any computers. This can be done by using PowerPoints package for CD or Pack and Go features when burning the presentation to CD. This will facilitate the presentation to be viewed by much audience. Summarily therefore, an effective and efficient presentation is usually planned, organized, and tailored to a specific audience to help facilitate the behavior change, want by the presenter.Presentations always engage face-to-face communication and can be made on a one-to-one basis or can be given to a very large group (Courses Surveys, 1977).ReferencesCourses, E. Surveys, T. (1977) The Computer for the Profession al Effective Presentations Microsoft PowerPoint tutorial, Preparing Presentation Slides Tutorial, Presenting Effective Charts and Graphs Tutorial, and 8 Secrets to a Knockout Business Presentation, saucily York Prentice Hall.

Theories of Communication in Education

Theories of Communication in EducationThe application of theories, principles and representatives of colloquy in development and trainingIntroductionCommunication is a surgical process of exchange of facts, ideas, opinions and a means that individuals or organizations share the meaning and understanding with one another(prenominal).2.1. Analyse theories, principles and models of communicationTwo schools of thoughts are recognised in the field of battle of communication and these include The Semiotics SchoolThe basis for semiotics was laid by Morris-1946, for languages or emblems theory. This school deals with communication as a mixture of sign, symbol and message, which the sender wishes to carry and wants a particular re motion from the recipient of the messages-the sign itself. The semiotics schools focus is categorised into three areas of general study syntactic (study of race between symbols), semantics (study of symbol to referent relationship) and pragmatics (study of r elationship of mickle with symbol).The Process School perceivescommunication as a process, a simple messages transmission and meanings which the sender intends to carry not minding the reaction of the. Instances include art works, culture and music since messages are not formed with any reason, but as an expression of the senders thoughts. The recipient can picture the message the way he wants. The process school of thought is also called Linear School.Communication TheoriesSome studies are based on the influence of communication and media on the human society. One of the earliest studies in this group isHypodermic/Bullet Theory whichrelies on the powerful principle of media and its consumers are passive and nave. Furthermore, it states that messages passing through media are like magic bullets which strikes the audience as quickly as possible but also impacts them to carry the required action as quickly as possible.Two Step Flow of Information TheoryPaul Lazaefled Elihu Katz, Ber elson and Hazelduadet were at the forefront of this theory which states that mass media did not utilise the types of impact on the audience as was generally believed. The audience came to an agreement not directly under the impact of mass media but more by means of association amongst themselves. This was the finding of an investigation carried prohibited in the 1940s during Americas presidential elections.Models of Communication Aristotles Model This model was developed some 2000 years ago. Aristotle (the classic philosopher) includes in this model the five necessary factors of communication Speaker, Speech/message, Audience, Effect and Occasion. Aristotle suggests that the speaker should construct a speech for separate audiences on separate precedent for separate purpose. This model is applied in public speaking.Lasswells Model (1948) states that for mass communication process to be understood, each of the phases has to be understood. This model elaborates on the offspring ins tead of the message itself. Effect implies observable change in the recipient role. It also proposes that any change in the elements will change the effect.Shannon and Weavers Model (1949) also termed the engineering science model of communication is an exemplary of the process school of thought. It is also kn birth as the mathematical theory of communication as it gave a technique to the puzzle of how to convey maximum information in a given channel. It proposed the noise concept. As engineers during World War II, Shannon and Weavers main challenge was in finding out the most efficient human communication means.Newcombs Model- 1953 This is the premier of the models to propose the function of communication in a society. The main function in accordance with Newcomb is to hold up equilibrium in a society.For exampleTutors come up with a new policy of increasing the school timing from 5 hours to 7 hours.A Teachers B Learners X Policy or issueIf both scholars and tutors are okay with this policy soce the communication maintains its equilibrium status between them. Else the communication flow between A and B becomes trouble in the social system. If A or B is not willing to accept the policy then it will directly impact the social system and cant maintain the equilibrium status. So TutorsA can convince learners B as much as possible. Else they have to make some amendments in the Policy X and convince them towards the policy.Charles E. Osgoods Model- 1954 In this case, communication is a dynamic process where a healthy interactive association exist between the source and the receiver.Wilbur Schramms Model Schramm keep ond from a simple human communication model to a more complex model that justified the total experiences of two people trying to engage in communication and then to a model that considered human communication with interaction between two people.In his second model, Schramm suggests the idea that only what is shared in the aspects of experience of both source and destination is actually expressd, because only that size of the house is common to both of them.The third model views communication as an interactive process where both the receiver and the sender act as encoder, interpreter, transmitter and receiver of signals.It is a Circular Model, so that communication is something circular in nature.2.2. Ways in which theories, principles and models of communication can be applied to teaching, learning an assessment varied people respond to different forms of communication, when we teach we give consideration to the varying types of learners, Visual, Aural, Readers, Kinaesthetic (VARK), we try to design our lessons to include all of the styles. Learners learn in different ways depending on the results produced by a sensory stimulant drug. Making reference to a condition known as synaesthesia, in which one sensory input produces unexpected results for instance, a synaesthete may see the colour red when they see the number 2 and blue if they see number 3, in some cases travel caused a visual effect for the synaesthete. This may explain why one person responds better when information is given in a verbal format, another responds better if it is visual and so on.The connections between these different sensory areas of the brain mean that we all have our own unique way of perceiving what is being taught or communicated. This allows for empathy with learners of different styles and this is a good reason to consider how to communicate to learners with different learning styles.Communication is the art of successfully sharing meaningful information with people by means of an interchange of experience. The important word is successfully, which implied that a desired behaviour change results when the receiver takes the message (Walklin 1993, p. 164). According to Walklin, it is not enough to communicate the instructions, it is also important to deliver praise or constructive criticism in order to encourage and guide the learner into new discovery, if you ask the learner to complete a task a feeling of accomplishment will encourage behaviour conducive to further learning. This is essential to me when teaching as my own learners can often be hostile to the learning process, feeling it has been imposed upon them. It is also important to listen to the students, if you set tasks that are above the students current abilities then you are likely to create a communication barrier whereby the student will close in on themselves not wishing to admit they cannot continue and the learning process will stop.Achieving two way communications with our learners is not straightforward. Barriers can often present themselves. It is crucial that a tutor can advert barriers and help learners overcome them. Petty (2009) proposes that unsuitable level of work, jargon, vocabulary, environmental factors, fear of failure and inapproachable tutor can be barriers to learners learning experience. Whilst I agree i n principle to this, I also believe that introducing new vocabulary and language usage is necessary to the learners further development.ReferenceArs grandiositya. Edited by W.D.Ross. OCT. Oxford Oxford UP, 1959.Bizzell, P. and Bruce Herzberg. (2000). The Rhetorical custom Readings from Classical Times to the Present. NY Bedford/St. Martins. p. 3.Chomsky, Noam (1956) , Three models for the description of language. Ire Transactions on Information theory, 113-124.Golden, James L., Goodwin F. Berquist, William E. Coleman, Ruth Golden and J. Michael Sproule (eds.). (2007). The rhetoric of Western thought From the Mediterranean world to the global setting, 9th ed. Dubuque, IA (USA) p.67.Gross, Alan G. and Arthur E. Walzer. (2000). Rereading Aristotles Rhetoric. Carbondale, IL (USA) Southern Illinois University PressLasswell, Harold D. (1948) The Structure and Function of Communication in Society.Morris, C. (1946) REVIEWS. Signs, Language, and Behavior. New York, Prentice. Hall Inc., Pp. xi, 365.Murphy, John J. (1983). Introduction, Peter Ramus, Arguments in Rhetoric against Quintilian. C. Newlands (trans.), J. J. Murphy (ed.). DeKalb IL (USA) Univ. of Illinois Press.Petty G (2009) Teaching Today (4th Edition), Nelson Thornes.Shannon,C Weaver, W (1949), The mathematical theory of communication, University of illinois press Urbana.Scramm, W. (1954) Procedures and effects of mass communication in Henry, N.B.(1954)Mass, media and education University of chicago Press Chicago.Walklin, A. (1993) Teaching and Learning in Further and Adult Education. Cheltenham Stanley Thornes (publishers) Ltd.

Security Issues of Social Networking Sites

guarantor Issues of neighborly Networking SitesC. Divya Gowri,K. Rajalakshmi, PG Scholar,S.SureshAbstract well-disposed Networking Sites (SNS) argon a platform to build well-disposed relationship or social networks among people. It is web-based service which allows people to create populace profiles it is similar to online community. The only difference is social network service is individual centred whereas online community is stem centred. It groups the individuals into specific groups for communication exercise. Millions of people like to meet an other(pre no.inal) people, shargon and gather selective tuition, share information about their work like cooking, finding employment, e-business, e-commerce, etc., SNS involves getting access to the website you wish to socialize. Once you are granted, you can scan the profile pages of others and even impinging them. These SNS has greatest impact on the people who use them. Today billions of people across the world have their pr ofiles in social networking sites. SNS becomes reason for addiction and anxiety. It starts affecting the personal relationship. This paper focuses on the impacts of these social networking sites.Key Tems Social Networking Sites, Personal privacy, Security issues.I. IntroductionSocial Networks 13 involves use of network to connect the substance abusers with their family, friends and acquaintances. Web-based social networking services connect people to share interests and activities across political, economic, and geographic borders. Online Social Networking sites like Twitter, Facebook, and MySpace have become popular in new-made years. Social Networks have become a personal fabric of the world. In such SNS, each of your Followers (Twitter) or Friends (Facebook) will be friend with your other friends just like in real world. The connection between people is non one-on-one but a network of connection. These social networks persist dock of all interactions used by their users on t heir sites and save them for later use. It allows users to meet new people, stay in touch with friends, and discuss about everything including jokes, politics, news, etc.,Using Social networking sites marketers can directly reach customers, this is not only benefit for the marketers but it also benefits the users as they get more information about the organization and the product. thither is absolutely no doubt that online social networks have become part of every individual. Though the use of these SNS is increase day by day, the users are not aware of risks associated with updating sensitive information. Facts prove that majority of people comport information like photos, share location unaware of security and privacy concerns. SNS unquestionably needs many security policies to keep users information secured.II. Literature Survey2.1 Privacy IssuesSecurity RisksWith the use of SNSs, the security risks 4 12 associated is also increasing rapidly. Some of the risks include cyber sta lking, phishing, location disclosure, identity theft, Phreaking, Spoofing, Doxing, spam issue, profile cloning, fake product sale and cyber bullying.People pop the question their personal data piece of music creating accounting on SNSs like Facebook, Twitter, etc. The secured data is stored in SNS and because of scummy security the data stored are not secure.Cyber StalkingIt is the use of SNS to harass/stalk an individual, group or organization. It includes monitoring, vandalism 15, and gathering of information that may be used to threaten the SNS users.PhishingPhishing 7 is attempting to acquire sensitive information like username, password, and credit card information by masquerading through SNS.Location DisclosureSNS can disclose users information 10. An application named creepy can track location of the user on a map by photos uploaded in Flicker or Twitter.Identity TheftSome hackers attack through application in which they study license for accessing their profile of SNS ( Facebook, Twitter, etc.). When SNS users allow doing so, hackers get all information so that they can misuse users information without their knowledge or permission.PhreakingIt is gaining unauthorized access to a users profile. It is advisable not to give phone numbers, passwords that provide direct access to a users profile.SpoofingSome attackers deceive computers by faking ones identity. IP spoofing masks or hides computers IP address.DoxingIt is publicly posting a persons identity including full name, address, limnings, go out of birth typically witnessd from any social sites.Spam IssuesSNS is widely spread with spam. It includes message spam and content spam 5 6. Spammers attack legitimate users account and post unwanted messages/comment on their wall or send those content to their friends so that the composition of the legitimate users is spoiled.Profile CloningProfile Cloning 38 is that the hackers retrieve the profile information of the SNSs users and rat a clone of the profile. They make this clone to spoil the reputation of the users. This is one of the most popular risks associated with the SNSs and it is also tiree without the permission or knowledge of the SNS user.Another form of profile cloning is Cross-site profile cloning. In this method, hackers steal information from one social site and make this information to create a profile in another SNS.Fake Product SaleThe hackers advertise on the SNSs for selling products by offering great discount and free products. When users try to purchase these products, they are asked to provide account information which is retrieved by attackers and they misuse the information.Cyber bullyingCyber bullies 10 often post information that spoils the reputation of a SNS user also they spread lies about them, write hateful comments, and upload disgusting photos or abusive images.2.2 Attacking scenariosClick JackingIn this typecast of attack, attackers post videos and when the users click on the page, some mal icious actions takes place. This type of attack is common in Facebook where users like a page or a picture or a video and the users are trapped.Content Based Image RetrievalIn this attack 9, the attackers match the patterns of images associated with the profile of the SNS users so that attackers know the flowing location of a user.De-Anonymization AttackIn this De-Anonymization attack 1 the users anonymity can be revealed by history stealing and group social status information.Neighbourhood attackIn this attacker 2 finds the neighbors of the victim node. Based on users profile and personal information, attackers are attracted by users personal information like their name, date of birth, contact information, relationship status, current work and education background.There can be leakage of information because of poor privacy settings. Many profiles are made public to others i.e. anyone can view their profile. Next is leakage of information through third party application. Social ne tworking sites provide an Application Programming Interface (API) for third party developers to create applications. Once users access these applications the third party can access their information automatically.Malicious packet updatesAn attacker may deliver malicious software to update the system. This may be used to disrupt computer system, obtain sensitive information or gain access to any private information.Evil Twin AttackIn this attack 11, it allows attackers to impersonate people or companies in SNS. This is used for the purpose of financial gain, physical crimes, defamation and information gathering. The attackers create a twin profile in the name of other person (legitimate user) and send friend bay or messages to get money or just gather information.2.3 Prevention strategiesInternet is of all time Public SNS users post anything on the internet and it is always ready(prenominal) in public. Thus it is users responsibility to post information that users are comfortable with. This may include their personal information and photos in which users are tagged in. Also once when users post information online, it cannot be deleted. Even if the information is deleted from a site, cached copy remains on the World Wide Web. delimitate the amount Always limit the amount of personal information you post. Do not disclose private information such as your residential address, contact number, etc.Assess your settings Users must be aware of their privacy settings. The default settings of the site will allow anyone to see your profile. But you can customize your settings to confine certain people from seeing your profile.Be cautious of Third party applications Some third party applications will ask for your private information while you run those applications. Avoid running those applications that are suspicious and limit the amount of information that the applications can access.Create secure passwords provide your account with passwords which are nasty to be gu essed. If users password is compromised, somebody may access your account and pretend to be like you without your knowledge. Always provide distinguishable passwords for different accounts which may confuse the cyber criminals. Combine upper and lower case letters with symbols and numbers to create secure passwords. Change your passwords frequently.Activate your firewall Firewalls are considered as the for the first time line of cyber defence. They block connections to unknown sites and will protect the system from viruses and hackers.Avoid being scammed Prevent viruses/malware infecting your system by installing and frequently updating antivirus software. listen of things you post Whatever you post online, it remains in cache even if you are not able to see. It is advisable to think before posting pictures that you dont want your employers or parents to see.Know your friends Online friends should not be taken as real friends unless you know them personally. Beware of what you sha re with those strange friends.Install from believe source- Install applications or softwares that comes from well- known or trusted sites. Remember that free software may come with malware. Once you install an application, keep it up-to-date. If you no longer use an application, delete it.Avoid Wi-Fi spots Avoid accessing your personal accounts from public computers like Internet centres or through public Wi-Fi spots. It is always preferred to use high security settings on any SNS.IV. CONCLUSIONSNS have become a likely target for attackers due to sensitive information available. The growth of social networking sites shows tremendous changes in personal and social behavior of internet users. It has become an essential medium of communication and an entertainment among adults. Though it affects the everyday activities of the users, many cyber crime activities evolved, the popularity of such sites are not going to reduce.SNS can be used for sales and marketing, but the security risks can put a company or individual in a compromising position. Many cyber laws have to be fortified so that cyber criminals cannot escape from committing a crime. Many SNS are implementing different security mechanisms to SNS users. Also users must be careful and prevent themselves from being attacked.V. REFERENCES1 Gilbert Wondracek, Thorsten Holz, Engin Kirda, and Christopher Kruegel, Practical Attack to De-anonymize Social Network Users, IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, 2010, pp.223-238.2 Bin Zhou and Jian Pei, Preserving Privacy in Social Networks Against Neighborhood Attacks, Data Engineering, 2008. ICDE 2008. IEEE 24th International Conference on, Apr. 2008, pp.506-515.3 M. Balduzzi, C. Platzer, T. Holz, E. Kirda, D. Balzarotti, and C. Kruegel, Abusing Social Networks for Automated User Profiling, Symposium on new Advances in Intrusion Detection (RAID), vol. 6307, Sep. 2010, pp. 422-441.4 Dolvara Gunatilaka, A Survey of Privacy and Security Issues in Social Networks, ht tp//www.cse.wustl.edu/jain/cse57111/ftp/social/index.html5 Garrett Brown, Travis Howe, Micheal Ihbe, Atul Prakash, and Kevin Borders, Social networks and context-aware spam, CSCW 08 Proceedings of the 2008 ACM throng on Computer supported cooperative work, 2008, pp.403-412. http//www.eecs.umich.edu/aprakash/papers/cscw08_socialnetworkspam.pdf.6 B. Markines, C. Cattuto and F. Menczer, Social Spam Detection,Proc. 5th Intl Workshop Adversarial Information Retrieval on the Web(AIRWeb 09), ACM Press, 2009, pp. 4148.7T.N. Jagatic et al., Social Phishing,Comm. ACM,vol. 50, no. 10, 2007, pp. 94100.8 Khayyambashi, M.R. Rizi, F.S. An approach for detecting profile cloning in online social networks,e-Commerce in Developing Countries With Focus on e-Security (ECDC), 2013 7th Intenational Conference on,On page(s) 1 12.9 A. Acquisti and R. earthy Imagined Communities Awareness, Information Sharing, and Privacy on the Facebook. In 6th Workshop on Privacy Enhancing Technologies, June 2006.10 D. Rosenblum., What Anyone Can Know. In The Privacy Risks of Social Networking Sites, IEEE Security and Privacy, 2007.11 Carl Timm,Richard Perez, Seven Deadliest Social Network Attacks, Syngress/Elsevier, 201012 Dwyer, C., Hiltz, S. R., Passerini, K. Trust and privacy concern within social networking sites A comparison of Facebook and MySpace. Proceedings of AMCIS 2007, Keystone, CO. Retrieved September 21, 200713 D. D. Boyd and N. B. Ellison, Social Network Sites Definition, History and Scholarship, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, vol. 13, pp. 210-230, 2007.14 P. Heymann, G. Koutrika and H. Garcia-Molina, armed combat Spam on Social Web Sites A Survey of Approaches and Future Challenges,IEEE Internet Computing,vol. 11, no. 6, 2007, pp. 3645.15W. Xu, F. Zhang and S. Zhu, Toward Worm Detection in Online Social Networks,Proc. twenty-sixth Ann. Computer Security Applications Conf.(ACSAC 10), ACM Press, 2010, pp. 1120.

China Fertilizer Industry Overview Economics Essay

China Fertilizer Industry Overview Economics EssayThe conceptionwide plant food shoot has rebounded in 2010 after stunnering a slowdown in FY09 and FY08 and the rec all oery is evaluate to sustain till 2014 establish on the International fertiliser exertion Association (IFA) estimates. The overall fertilizer demand in FY09/10 rose 3.7% to 162.5Mt as comp bed to 156.7Mt in FY08/09. The demand for N (nitrogen), P (Phosphorus) and K (Potassium) fertilizers in FY09 surged 1.9%, 4.5% and 18% respectively mainly goaded by the Asian followed by the Ameri flush toilet commercializes. The overall fertilizer demand in FY10/11 is expected to increase 4.8% to 170 Mt and reach 188.3 Mt in 2014/15 driven by the economic recovery and positive agricultural market conditions. The demand for the N, P and K fertilizers are expected to increase 1.9%, 4.5% and 18%, respectively In FY10/11.Source IFA, RODM researchChina fertilizer effort overviewChina is the largest consumer and producer of ferti lizers in the world, contributing 31.4% and 29.1% of the global consumption and exercise respectively in FY07 instaurationd on the International fertilizer association statistics. According to china statistical year book, the country s fertilizer consumption in FY08 rose 2.6% to 52.4Mt as compared to 51.1mt in 2007 and grew at a CAGR of 3% for the period 2000-2008. This was mainly payable to population increase in china, harvest in tangled fertilizers and increasing production of positive agribusiness. Henan is the major consumer for fertilizers that accounts 11.5% of total consumption of fertilizer in china followed by the Shandong, Jiangsu and Hubei which contributed 9.1%, 6.5% and 6.3% of overall fertilizer consumption in FY08.Source China statistical yearbook, RODM researchCompound fertilizer industry in chinaCompound fertilizer comprises of at least two nutrients among nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and includes both entire and inorganic fertilizers. Based on the c hina statistical year book, the consumption of combine fertilizer industry bugger off grown at a CAGR of 6.9% as compared to the 0.3%, 1.3% and 4.7% of Nitrogenous, Phosphate and potassium fertilizers respectively over a period of 1998-2008, indicating the increasing adoption of compound fertilizers by farmers as compared to the straight fertilizers. Based on PRlog.org, the Chinese compound market scale reached CNY 200 cardinal in FY09 and has around 4,500 compound fertilizer producers mainly situated in Shandong, Jiangsu, Hubei and Sichuan etc. The production of Chinese compound fertilizers reached around 50 million tons in FY09. The compound fertilizer manufacture industry increased 39% to CNY 23.60 billion in FY09 as compared to FY08.However, compound fertilizer consumption still accounts for less than 30% of the total consumption, which is far below the 50-80% average in developed countries. This is due to the fact that compound fertilizers are relatively new in the Chinese m arket and farmers are only gradually adopting these over the more conventional varieties. The current fertilizer formulations has pact degree of less than 3% and most of the producers make their formulations foundd on the economy and raw material charges rather than soil and crop demands. However with the wage hike environmental cares, developing Chinese agricultural specialization and exploitation demand for proud determination cash crops and organic foods, the farmers are imposing higher requirements on compound fertilizers. indeed the demand for high end compound fertilizers, especially Chinese ternary compound (3 nutrients) fertilizers is expected to drive the overall compound fertilizers growth in the coming years.Source China statistical yearbook, RODM researchOrganic Fertilizer industryWith the rising environmental concerns, declining arable land, cultivation of high end crops, politics thrust for organic production and demand for car park foods, the adoption of o rganic fertilizer industry in China have been gaining momentum and is expected to witness rapid growth for the upcoming years. But the organic agriculture industry in china is very low as compared to the developed countries. In 2006, organic compound fertilizer in China accounted for 27% of the total fertilizer consumption, which nigh half of the 50% is registered in developed countries. However, organic fertilizer consumption in the country is expected to grow at a CAGR of more than 30%, according to industry sources. Also, the government has identified the enhanced performance granted by these fertilizers which would help them to reach their goals of increasing rural farm production and income plot of land decreasing water pollution.According to the industry sources, the Chinese green fertilizer industry is highly fragmented with around 2,000 manufacturers with no distinguished players in the industry. The small and large regional players contribute 80% of the market helping f ollowed by the large regional and International players contributing 9% and 8% of the market share respectively. The small and large regional manufacturers have an boundary line of matched prices and knowledge of local markets as compared to the International markets. On the flip side, the international manufacturers produce high quality products, good research and development capabilities and players with good financials can acquire regional players in a bid to sustain growth and increase their market share. The large national manufacturers have a emulous edge over the small and large regional manufacturers as well as international players in terms of their brand presence and wide distribution interlocking along with providing quality products at competitive prices and having good understanding over the markets. To keep in line with the growth and economic conditions, the green fertilizer industry in china is expected to witness consolidation in the just future.Growth drivers for Organic fertilizer industryRising environmental concernsChinese agriculture has been growing rapidly on a limited area with heavy inputs of fertilizers since 1980s. The rates of fertilizers adopted in some regions of china are extremely high as compared to the developed countries like North America and Europe. The worldwide average fertilizer consumption per hectare in 1997 was 94 kilograms while US average was 111 kg per hectare. But china exceeded both world average and US average and utilize 271 kg of fertilizer per hectare of cultivated land, based on the industry sources (hafengevergreen.com).According to the industry sources, the pH levels of the soil in 2000-2008 as against 1980s have declined 0.13 while the pH for cash crops declined on an average 0.3. Since china feeds around 22% of the world s population with just 10% of arable land, protecting china s polluted and artificially fertilized soil remains a major concern to the government. Moreover, the population in chin a is expected to increase to 800 900 million by 2020, based on the Beijing International Institute for City Development which would ebb the arable area for cultivation. Hence decreasing china s arable land and the need to increase the crop yield for internal consumption have led the farmers to adopt high quality fertilizer products. Also with increasing environmental concerns, the government has been encouraging the production of organic agriculture for export and domesticated consumption. Accordingly, the demand for the organic fertilizers have been growing as they increase organic matter content in the soil along with the major and minor organic nutrients.Growth in greening of china s foodDuring the last few years, the demand for the green foods have been increasing on the back of growing concerns of environment and rising disposable income in china. Based on the industry sources, the cultivation of green food has increased from 2.14 million hectares to 10 million hectares whi le the output surged from 6.3 to 72 million tons over a period of 1997 to 2007.Also based on the Ministry of Agriculture 90% of China s agricultural exports are eco-food, i.e. either Hazard Free, Green or Organic foods. The export value increased to US$2 Billion in 2006 from $70 Million in 1997. But china s exports have accounted less than 1% of the global organic market and .08% of the locally sold organic market. Although high production be and prices has been limiting the usage of organic fertilizers in the domestic market, we believe that the government initiatives in the form of subsidies, recent food safety scandals, growing demand for received and healthy food in the domestic and international market, pollution concerns and rising disposable income would strongly drive the green fertilizer industry in the near future. The government has been encouraging both exports and issues of organic products and expects to achieve 10% of the organic crop production by 2010.Growth in g reen food over a decadeSource John Paull, Australian National University, RODM researchDecreasing arable area for cultivationChina is the largest agriculture producer in the world with only 15% of the cultivated area. China need to support 20% of the world s population and has just 10% of the total arable land in the world. Moreover the arable land has declined at a CAGR of .4% from 133mha to 121.7mha, over the period 1988-2008. To prevent further decline, the government have set the fine mark of arable land to be maintained at 120mha by 2020. According to the industry sources, the population in china is expected to increase from 47% to 75% over the next three decades which mounts the pressure of producing increased yield per area to feed the growing population. Thus the demand for the organic fertilizers is expected to witness rapid growth in the compound fertilizer segment.Source China statistical yearbook, RODM researchChina policies/initiativesSubsidyThe fertilizers market play a appoint input for the Chinese agricultural sector and hence is one of the main sectors to be addressed by the government to achieve its food sufficiency objective. The fertilizer subsidies in China are mainly for supporting the development of China s agriculture and food security. Hence we believe that most of the indemnity policies expertness be continued for the short term. The comprehensive subsidy on fuel and fertilizer for grain farmers in 2007 surged 120 % to $3.6 billion (RMB 27.6 billion) as compared to the last year. This political program was started to partially compensate farmers for price increases in fuel, fertilizer, and other agricultural inputs in 2006. Based on the Ministry of Finance (MOF), the comprehensive subsidy reached at an average of about U.S. $14.5 per farm household in 2007 and the fuel and fertilizer subsidies are estimated to reach RMB 72.01 billion by 2009.The Chinese government gave bank loan interests subsidy from 2004 to those satisfactory fertilizers distributors who hold the fertilizer storage during the winter season wherein the total volume is about 5-8million mt and the interests subsidy is about RMB300million to RMB500million($43.9 million to $73.3 million )every year. Also the government gave a direct subsidy of RMB100/mt to both domestic and imported DAP which was around 6.7million mt and about RMB670million subsidy in 2004.The government gave an electricity subsidy for small and large nitrogen fertilizer producers in December 2003 which is around RMB6.3 billion every year. Also the transportation of fertilizer has been subsidized by RMB5.0 billion every year.dutysThe MOF and NDRC (National Development and Reform Commission) have jointly announced the Notification of Fertilizer Price Formation Mechanism Reform on January 24, 2009. The main routine of this notification isRemoval of current tariff restriction on domestic fertilizer pricesRemoval of fertilizer price restrictionsImplementing preferential policies for fertilizer productionApplying measures by dint of import and export regulation, reserve control and transportation parameters to maintain the fertilizer marketTo improve agricultural subsidies for the industryIncrease monitoring, supervision, and inspection on market pricingTo make efforts on program organization and implementationThe State Council Tariff Committee had imposed a 100 % special export trade on fertilizer and related material exports during April 20 and September 30, 2008 which affected 32 tariff lines including phosphoric acid, ammonia, nitrogen, inorganic phosphate, potash, and compound fertilizer. Based on MOF, the runaway in exports were due to strain in domestic supply which lead to surge in price as demand began to decrease due to spring planting. Hence the tariff was increased so as to control the rising prices along with providing plentiful grain harvest for the year. China has evolved from being a net importer of phosphate fertilizer to being a net exp orter over the last decade and has been directly affected the US phosphate fertilizer industry as it used to supply 95% of China s phosphate imports.Pricing trend in chinaChinese fertilizer prices have witnessed heavy volatility over the last decade mainly due to uneven production levels in fertilizers, the government s need to keep sufficient production to meet domestic market demand and rising international fertilizer prices. According to USDA, the market price for nitrogen fertilizer surged from $280 to $405/MT during 2007 and reached a high of $452 during April 2008. This was mainly due to imbalance between low supply and rising demand on the world market. Also the tariff restrictions imposed on Chinese fertilizer producers and the demand for fertilizers to produce biofuels in the United States, Brazil, and Europe has led to the increase in price. However due to the slowdown in the world economy and reluctance of Chinese farmers to pay high prices which were two to three times h igher than the prices of early 2007, the price for fertilizer fell drastically to $247 at the end of 2008.VAT policiesThe NPK compound fertilizers, MAP, Urea and DAP have been on a VAT holiday from 1994 January 1, 1998 July 01, 2005 and January 1, 2008 respectively. China had stopped importing urea from 1997 and the government has given 50%-100% VAT pay back to the urea exporters before March, 2004. The government stopped the tax refund policy and began to impose export tax to urea and DAP from March 16, 2004. Prior to 2002, the government has given VAT holiday policy to imported phosphoric acid for supporting the players like Sino-Arab Chemical Fertilizer Co. Ltd who were consuming imported PA for phosphate compound fertilizers production. The government gave VAT holiday policy for imported sulfur from May 20, 2008 and most of the imported fertilizers and related raw materials were given very low import custom taxes which are all below 4%.Export/Import initiatives for fertilizersC hinese government set new policies on the exported fertilizers during Nov. 14, 2008.To set export base price for the off-season and to reduce the export tariff from 125%185% to 10%110% till December 31, 2009The export tariff for Urea, MAP and DAP would be 110% (35% primary+75% special) during mid-season and 10% during off-season since December 1, 2008The base prices for DAP, MAP and Urea are RMB4000/mt RMB3700/mt and RMB2300/mt respectivelyDuring the off-season, if Urea, DAP and MAP prices are lower than the base prices, the export tariff would be 10%, otherwise the export tariff would be calculated by the formula (1.1-base price/export price) 100)Source IFA, RODM researchThe customs tariff committee of China have cancelled the special export tariffs (50-75%) in Jun-09 on 27 products, that include phosphate rock (apatite), yellowness phosphorus, synthetic ammonia, phosphoric acid, ammonium chloride, triple superphosphate (TSP), sodium nitrate and double nutrients to help local fer tilizer manufacturers clear excess inventory build-up.Import Tariff Rate QuotaProducts Quota level (000 metric tons) In-quota imports (000 metric tons) State-trading share (%) In-quota MFN tariff rate (%) Out-of-quota MFN tariff rate (%)Urea 3,300 90 4 50NPK 3,450 65 4 50Diammonium phosphate 6,900 65 4 50Source USTR, RODM ResearchThe Chinese government controls exports of major raw material inputs for fertilizers like coking coal which provides competitive edge to Chinese manufacturers and exporters over the foreign manufacturers and exporters in the chemical fertilizer industries. The price of coke in China was around $472/mt, while the global price of coke was $740/mt. Although China produces 336mmt of coke, contributing 60% of the global production, it has an export quota of only 12mmt and an export duty of 40%.

Deliverance: A Study of Medicaid and Managed Care Essay -- Health Medi

Deliverance A Study of Medicaid and Managed Care Since the inception of Medicaid in 1965, the program has seen extraordinary growth in expenditures and enrollment. From 1989 to 1992, the increases in Medicaid spending were the largest since the program began in. Enrollment in Medicaid by AFDC families grew from 3.8 million in 1990 to 4.4 million in 1992, almost a nine percent annual increase (Coughlin et al. 1994). During this period, states were besides experiencing the effects of a nationwide recession. Rapidly rising expenditure levels stretched revenue streams to their limits. In efforts to save money, states looked primarily at the benefits of managed care, which was becoming a successful rake and financing system (Ruggie 1996). Medicaid patients had a history of using emergency meanss for problems such as colds, flues, and other minor illnesses. Medicaid paid $75 for an emergency room visit in 1995, but only $29 for a physicians office visit (Lutz 1995). Medicaid officials hoped that placing the patient in contact with a uncomplicated care physician would encourage the use of preventative medicine, thereby holding down costs. States began Medicaid managed care programs using the AFDC population as guinea pigs. With waivers allowed under discussion section 1115 of the Social Security Act, states restructured their Medicaid programs (Rotwein et al. 1995). This was the single largest Medicaid innovation of the 1990s (Couglin et al. 1999). Between 1991 and 1996, enrollment of Medicaid clients in managed care increased by a factor of six (Thompson and DiIulio 1998). umteen reasons accompanied the assertion that the AFDC population would benefit the most from managed care. The women and children of AFDC could take advantage of the ... ...cience round 67 1174-1185.Key, V.O., Jr. 1999, reprinted. Southern Politics in State and Nation. Knoxville University of Tennessee Press.Lutz, Sandy. 1995. For current Reform, Watch the States. Modern Healthcare 25 31 -35.Rotwein, Suzanne, Maria Boulmetis and Paul J. Boben. 1995. Medicaid and State Health Care Reform Process, Programs, and Policy Options. Health Care Financing Review 16 105-120.Ruggie, Mary. 1996. Realignments in the Welfare State Health Policy in the United States, Britain, and Canada. New York Columbia University Press.Thompson, Frank J., and John J. DiIulio Jr., eds. 1998. Medicaid and Devolution A watch over from the States. Washington, D.C. Brookings Institution Press.Walker, Jack. 1969. The Diffusion of Innovations Among the American States. American Political Science Review 63 880-899.

Racial Preferences and the Constitution Essay -- Supreme Court Race Es

Racial Preferences and the organic law The theme has survived two World Wars, a Civil War, and even slavery. This piece of paper was written to limit giving medication in our lives and proclaim our rights as individuals. Through the course of time, Amendments have been added to aid in current events that were not foreseen when the Constitution was originally written. Sixteen presidents after the Constitution was written, slavery was abolished and the Thirteenth Amendment was passed.. Three years later came the Equal Protection clause in the Fourteenth Amendment and two years after that, the Supreme chat up addressed voting rights in the Fifteenth Amendment.The decisions in Plessy and Brown are similar because of how the decisions affect the group instead of the individuals. The motor hotel is continually ruling in regard to race instead of the individual. If the Constitution is truly wring blind, then we would not have these distinctions between classes when the rulings ar e made. Each ruling by the Court should be done on an individual basis and by the merits of that cross individual instead of the color of ones skin. The only reason the court rules in party favor of Brown is because the implications go beyond just the individual affected, the ruling will affect the entire black race. The effects of the Brown case go a lot further than the immediate case. After the declares had failed to integrate blacks and whites in society, the Federal Government stepped up to end this atrocity. For years and years citizens in each state have attempted to forgo the three Amendments mentioned previously. In each case the Courts have attempted to use Harlans dissenting opinion in Plessy as their channelize to uphold this color blind Constitution.In recent cases concerning racial preferences, the Supreme Court, largely under the leadership of Justice OConnor, has articulated a new philosophy concerning the constitutionality of governmental racial classifications under the gibe protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Court has determined, after twenty five years of debate, that the most stringent measurement of review applies to all such classifications, even those intended to benefit rather than to burden historically disadvantaged minorities. This standard has been applied to racial preference programs in employment, state and federal ... ... Bakke v. Regents of the University of California also previously mentioned. In each case we are dealing with issues that supposedly were put to a halt with the 13th, 14th, and fifteenth Amendments. The Constitution continues to help some people and hinder others. Still over a hundred years later, we are yet having conflicting results and are still referring to Harlans dissenting opinion about a color blind Constitution.Every time the Supreme Court rules in favor of one thing the equal protection pendulum swings the other way just enough to inflict color on this color blind Constitution. Will the Constitution ever be color blind? One day when every race is mixed together and no one can claim that they are solely of one particular ethnic origin is when this color blind Constitution will occur. There are too many prejudice groups in society to say that the Constitution will soon be clearly color blind. I think the Supreme Court has an intent to make color blind decisions without understanding the required outcome. The pendulum has to be in the middle for a color blind decision to be made. Any time you make an exception for one group, there is some other group being affected.