Sports in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sports in America - Essay ExampleThe English settlers that settled in the blue part of America came with different types of risques. These games were the major part of their culture. They were forms of recreation. Some of the games that they loved included wrestling, horse racing, bear baiting and cock fighting. The settlers also ulterior introduced baseball. This game became exceptionally famous among the people, something that transformed it into professional sport. Leagues were organized and formalized. In early nineteen century, different types of sports emerged. Football emerged at this time. These games strengthen young men. It encouraged them to coupling combat life due to the exercise they went through as part of the game. Other types of games that came into existence were tennis, polo, rowing and bicycling. However, all these types of sport underwent different changes over time. approach of the rules was make and everyone was to follow them carefully. Despite all these changes, sports have gone through some challenges in America since the cold war to the early nineteen sixties. These challenges acted as the blocks that hindered these games from progressing. Many countries at this time used sports events to be the venues of rivalry. They used to repoint their superordinate wordity over other countries. Other challenges included cheating, violence and drugs. During the cold war, many countries used sports to show rivalry to the other countries. Sports were meant for entertainment to the spectators but many political leaders saw sports from a different perspective. To them, sports were a tool to show their superiority. Most Americans who participated in Olympics of 1950s became the major dominants in those games. They won many medals as compared to the other countries participants. During this time, Soviet Union did not participate in the Olympics. This made American the favorites in almost all the Olympic Games. There victory caused public concern referring to the international image of the United States (Zirin, 396). The Soviet Union later joined the Olympics games. This caused a great threat to the American participants in the games. Russians won many medals that Americans were used to win. They dominated almost all the Olympic games of that time. The United States and the Soviet Union were not in good terms. They were great rivals in the world during the cold war. This rivalry extended to the sphere of sports that they both participated. Everyone was trying to be superior to the other. Russians defeated American in many games. Russian women defeated Americans in a great range. These made Americans think of other ways of improving their performance. polar leaders who were the heads of the games gave out many ideas. Americans needed to maximize their effectiveness and efficiency in all participations. More improved and modernized management was to be instal in place. The whole organization that was heading the participati on needed an enlargement and modernization. All these were done to ensure that they defeat the Soviet Union. Americans later defeated them, and it was something that taught Americans that commonwealth was better than communist system in producing better players (Zirin, 394). During the cold war, reporting sports was influenced by rivalry between the Americans and the Soviet Union. Sports reports were biased. Journalists from each country favored the athletes of their motherlands. Russian journalist undermined American

Health Service Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Health Service Administration - Essay ExampleThe success of HSA croup be determined from the fact that since January 2004, more than 3 million Americans have enrolled in HSA, which are helping make health insurance more inexpensive for not only for middle class individuals but also for those who are unable to afford quality health supervision. (Whitehouse)According to Longman, the role of economics in health alimony in Bushs era has allowed Americans to avoid frequent skipping from one health-care plan to the next, with all the discontinuities in care and record keeping and disincentives to proscribeative care that this entails. (Longman, Jan-Feb 2005)Economic Organization of managed care strategies offer ways to reduce some of the excesses, although not necessarily in consonance with measured health demand. Combining corporate organization with financial management, managed care has characterized a business model of medicine. What one can expect more from economical contributio n that has reduced health needs in legion(predicate) cases and suffered through income loss that is usually shared between the patient and societyPsychology has also contributed towards health administration while winning in consideration those matters that are influential and carry risk for development of disease. Research has shown that psychology has helped alleviate the effects of disorders in our community in many ways. For example, after conducting a detailed research on the patients behaviour, it has developed various ways to stop smoking. One of the models of smoking developed with the help of psychology is the nicotine ruler model, which assess different patients accordingly. Psychology has helped developed models, which differs from the traditional theories by giving heavy emphasis to process that means, it focuses on the continual interactions among the variables active during behavioral episodes to prevent and control illness to the updating and transitions that occur over time. psychological contribution also persists in models, which deals with changes in the representation of health threats from that of an acute to that of a degenerative threat, and the need to revise procedures, outcome expectations, and outcome appraisals as a function of changes in the illness representation. (Baum et al, 2001, p. 56)Health belief variables, such as vulnerability and acrimony beliefs and the perceived costs and benefits of action, are beliefs at a moment. Neither these concepts nor those of intention, perceived norms, or attitudes suggest ways of engaging and changing individual health cognition. Psychological factors have contributed as taking the responsibility for identifying the differences between the health and psychological models, how to benefit a patient by combining these models as therapies and how to self-regulate health problems. The top hat example of psychological contribution to health is the specification of medical and public health au thorities towards stopping smoking, using safety belts, reducing dietary fat, etc.Sociology Contribution in Health CareContemporary sociology contribution can be acknowledged

Reflection and Critical Evaluation of Performance, Progress and Essay

Reflection and Critical Evaluation of Performance, Progress and Learning - Essay ExampleWork experience can be of real treasure to individuals and to employers. However, in itself, such experience is not enough. It is the recognition of skills and awareness of the field context that is important (Work Experience Module n.d., p. 6). The workers who successfully complete this module bequeath Set attainable goals for work experience Understand how the work is planned and organized at different stages Develop skills and capabilities to face challenges in the work trace future employment opportunities Maintain a work place diary which describes and analyses experiences at workplace. Recognize equality problem connected to the workplace e.g. age, gender, sexual orientation, etc aspiration for work experience placements has constantly been severe. The best probable possibility of securing work lies in the quality of the people who approach the job. This requires a short introductory n etmail or letter, and CV to catch the attention of employers. This work based learning experience will help the employees to perform their job better, able to identify and evaluate where they went wrong, how to achieve the set standards, and what actions need to be taken to improve the performance. Performance appraisal system will help evaluate the employees performance. Interpersonal Skills through with(predicate) work based learning, the employees can develop their interpersonal skills. The most common form of learning from other people takes the form of consultation and collaboration in spite of appearance the immediate working group this may include teamwork, ongoing mutual consultation and support or observation of others in action. Beyond the immediate work environment, people sought information and advice, from other people in their organization, from customers or suppliers or from wider professional networks (Eraut n.d., Interpersonal skills include Increased cooperative working relationships functional with others to efficiently solve conflicts Methods of Assessing Interpersonal Skills Include Personality inventories (e.g. MBTI), Interviews, 360 degree feedback, Assessment centers, peer valuations of class projects. Assessment of interpersonal skill signifies an exchange between organisational problem and behavioral evaluation. When evaluating the different rules to determine interpersonal skills, it is significant to take into account the costs that have to be met by the organization. These expenses may comprise the estimate to expand or acquire, organize and manage the evaluation process. The progress of an interview is a simple job, but organizing individual interviews need time. Other forms of evaluation (360-degree feedback and evaluation centers), on the other hand, can frequently be troublesome, and they necessitate time to expand and manage. Therefore it is classified as high on administrative costs. The team-working skills impart the capability to work in teams, and to make use of suitable interpersonal skills to make relationships with team members, colleagues and external stakeholders. Good teamwork releases group synergy so that the feature effect of individual contributions far exceeds the sum of their individual effects. There is mutual accountability and togetherness amongst members of a well-knit team. The basic premise here is that individual contributions cannot be as good as all of us working together in a team (Leadership and Teamwork n.d.). Networking is an important part of any job search. It is the method of creating contacts for

The Importance of Reading Essay Example for Free

The Importance of interpreting EssayPeople are living in a world where mod technological advances have replaced the desire to read. Reading, in my opinion, has become less important to many adults and children. Some children and teenagers prefer to watch a movie or playing video recording games instead of information a book. Some adults prefer to watch television than to read a good novel. Reading, in some peoples agenda, is not as important as it used to be like in the early 1900s. To some people watching a movie or basketb both game game on television is more important than reading a book.It is a well-known fact that when there were no televisions or computers, reading was a primary leisure activity. People would spend hours reading books and travel to lands far away-in their minds. The only tragedy is that, with time, people have lost their skill and passion to read. there are many other exciting and thrilling options usable, aside from books. And that is a shame beca use reading offers a productive approach to improving vocabulary and develop power.It is advisable to indulge in at least half an hour of reading a day to keep abreast of the various styles of writing and new vocabulary. It is observed that children and teenagers who love reading have comparatively higher IQs. They are more creative and do better in school and college. It is recommended that parents to inculcate the immensity of reading to their children in the early years. Reading is said to significantly help in developing vocabulary, and reading aloud helps to build a strong ablaze bond between parents and children.The children who start reading from an early age are observed to have good language skills, and they grasp the variances in phonics much better. Reading helps in mental development and is known to stimulate the muscles of the eyes. Reading is an activity that involves greater levels of concentration and adds to the conversational skills of the reader. It is an indul gence that enhances the knowledge acquired, consistently. The habit of reading too helps readers to decipher new words and phrases that they come across in bothday conversations.The habit can become a healthy addiction and adds to the information available on various topics. I personally love to read, I could say its my hobby but its more than that I could stay up all night just to finish a book Im reading, and once I open a book I cant blotto it. I really dont care what the book is about or of what genre it is if its interesting I wont stop reading until I finish it. I think of reading as a way to escape from everything, travelling to another time or place eve to another world.Once you get into the story youll never want to get out. Some people even imagine they are one of the characters from the story, Im not one of them but I do imagine as if Im there just watching everything, I imagine every single detail, the characters features, the setting, even the most minimum detail as a necklace one of the characters is using, you in reality feel every emotion the characters feel and you can actually fall in love with them. Everyone deep inside is a reader they just havent found the right book.

Effective Presentations Essay Example for Free

Effective Presentations EssayPresentation is use to summarize, defend or even designate important ideas to an audience. Thus, the beginning of the presentation gains the attention of audiences and establishes its purpose. Selecting the context, designing the learning experience and producing efficient, effective and appealing presentation mint be liberal though it is the hardest disassociate (Courses Surveys, 1977). To produce an appealing presentation, one should keep the design short and simple in order to produce effective design. The color should be used to show a word or use a transition to disclose the answer to a question. The designer should evade the confusion. It is better off to have particular white space than having irrelevant piece of clipart that dirty dog be distracting. Fewer words should be chosen rather than more words and use well cropped photographs than cluttered distance shot (Courses Surveys, 1977). The viewers should be kept focused and interest ed. This can be done by using key phrases and including only requisite tuition. The word should be limited and simplified and avoid using of much bullets per slides. The presentation should be easy to follow by keeping the important information visible.The punctuation and font case should be considered. For instance, use of all caps makes the statements more difficult to read. The font size and type used should be simple and easy to read. Thus the designer should avoid using fancy and script fonts as they are hard to read on the screen. The font type and size should be visible to the audience and uniform throughout the presentation (Courses Surveys, 1977). Consequently, the background colors and that of the text should be contrasting. It is preferred to use dark text on a light background.Color should be toned down to make the light colors easy on the eyes. Patterned or textured backgrounds reduce discernability of the text. The color scheme used should remain consistent through out the presentation. In addition to that, when using a theme or template for a design, it should be appropriate to the audience. Therefore, a layout should be straightforward and clean if the design is aimed for business and if aimed the audience to be young children, it should be full of colors and variety of shapes (Courses Surveys, 1977).The material body of slides should be limited to ensure that the presentation will not be too long and drawn out. This prevents the problem of continually changing the slides during the presentation which can be a distraction to the audience or viewers. For the presentation to be effective and more attracting there should be a combination of photos, charts, graphs and even engraft digitalized video with text to add variety and keep the presentation interested to the viewers.In addition, excessive use of animation and transition should be avoided. This is because the audience can be distracted by too much of the transitions and animation beari ng in mind that slide shows is meant to be a visual aid only when not a focus of the presentation. Also animation should be consistent in the presentation by using of animation schemes and the same transitions should be used throughout the presentation (Courses Surveys, 1977).Finally, the designer or rather the presenter should make sure that his/her presentation can run on any computers. This can be done by using PowerPoints package for CD or Pack and Go features when burning the presentation to CD. This will facilitate the presentation to be viewed by much audience. Summarily therefore, an effective and efficient presentation is usually planned, organized, and tailored to a specific audience to help facilitate the behavior change, want by the presenter.Presentations always engage face-to-face communication and can be made on a one-to-one basis or can be given to a very large group (Courses Surveys, 1977).ReferencesCourses, E. Surveys, T. (1977) The Computer for the Profession al Effective Presentations Microsoft PowerPoint tutorial, Preparing Presentation Slides Tutorial, Presenting Effective Charts and Graphs Tutorial, and 8 Secrets to a Knockout Business Presentation, saucily York Prentice Hall.

Theories of Communication in Education

Theories of Communication in EducationThe application of theories, principles and representatives of colloquy in development and trainingIntroductionCommunication is a surgical process of exchange of facts, ideas, opinions and a means that individuals or organizations share the meaning and understanding with one another(prenominal).2.1. Analyse theories, principles and models of communicationTwo schools of thoughts are recognised in the field of battle of communication and these include The Semiotics SchoolThe basis for semiotics was laid by Morris-1946, for languages or emblems theory. This school deals with communication as a mixture of sign, symbol and message, which the sender wishes to carry and wants a particular re motion from the recipient of the messages-the sign itself. The semiotics schools focus is categorised into three areas of general study syntactic (study of race between symbols), semantics (study of symbol to referent relationship) and pragmatics (study of r elationship of mickle with symbol).The Process School perceivescommunication as a process, a simple messages transmission and meanings which the sender intends to carry not minding the reaction of the. Instances include art works, culture and music since messages are not formed with any reason, but as an expression of the senders thoughts. The recipient can picture the message the way he wants. The process school of thought is also called Linear School.Communication TheoriesSome studies are based on the influence of communication and media on the human society. One of the earliest studies in this group isHypodermic/Bullet Theory whichrelies on the powerful principle of media and its consumers are passive and nave. Furthermore, it states that messages passing through media are like magic bullets which strikes the audience as quickly as possible but also impacts them to carry the required action as quickly as possible.Two Step Flow of Information TheoryPaul Lazaefled Elihu Katz, Ber elson and Hazelduadet were at the forefront of this theory which states that mass media did not utilise the types of impact on the audience as was generally believed. The audience came to an agreement not directly under the impact of mass media but more by means of association amongst themselves. This was the finding of an investigation carried prohibited in the 1940s during Americas presidential elections.Models of Communication Aristotles Model This model was developed some 2000 years ago. Aristotle (the classic philosopher) includes in this model the five necessary factors of communication Speaker, Speech/message, Audience, Effect and Occasion. Aristotle suggests that the speaker should construct a speech for separate audiences on separate precedent for separate purpose. This model is applied in public speaking.Lasswells Model (1948) states that for mass communication process to be understood, each of the phases has to be understood. This model elaborates on the offspring ins tead of the message itself. Effect implies observable change in the recipient role. It also proposes that any change in the elements will change the effect.Shannon and Weavers Model (1949) also termed the engineering science model of communication is an exemplary of the process school of thought. It is also kn birth as the mathematical theory of communication as it gave a technique to the puzzle of how to convey maximum information in a given channel. It proposed the noise concept. As engineers during World War II, Shannon and Weavers main challenge was in finding out the most efficient human communication means.Newcombs Model- 1953 This is the premier of the models to propose the function of communication in a society. The main function in accordance with Newcomb is to hold up equilibrium in a society.For exampleTutors come up with a new policy of increasing the school timing from 5 hours to 7 hours.A Teachers B Learners X Policy or issueIf both scholars and tutors are okay with this policy soce the communication maintains its equilibrium status between them. Else the communication flow between A and B becomes trouble in the social system. If A or B is not willing to accept the policy then it will directly impact the social system and cant maintain the equilibrium status. So TutorsA can convince learners B as much as possible. Else they have to make some amendments in the Policy X and convince them towards the policy.Charles E. Osgoods Model- 1954 In this case, communication is a dynamic process where a healthy interactive association exist between the source and the receiver.Wilbur Schramms Model Schramm keep ond from a simple human communication model to a more complex model that justified the total experiences of two people trying to engage in communication and then to a model that considered human communication with interaction between two people.In his second model, Schramm suggests the idea that only what is shared in the aspects of experience of both source and destination is actually expressd, because only that size of the house is common to both of them.The third model views communication as an interactive process where both the receiver and the sender act as encoder, interpreter, transmitter and receiver of signals.It is a Circular Model, so that communication is something circular in nature.2.2. Ways in which theories, principles and models of communication can be applied to teaching, learning an assessment varied people respond to different forms of communication, when we teach we give consideration to the varying types of learners, Visual, Aural, Readers, Kinaesthetic (VARK), we try to design our lessons to include all of the styles. Learners learn in different ways depending on the results produced by a sensory stimulant drug. Making reference to a condition known as synaesthesia, in which one sensory input produces unexpected results for instance, a synaesthete may see the colour red when they see the number 2 and blue if they see number 3, in some cases travel caused a visual effect for the synaesthete. This may explain why one person responds better when information is given in a verbal format, another responds better if it is visual and so on.The connections between these different sensory areas of the brain mean that we all have our own unique way of perceiving what is being taught or communicated. This allows for empathy with learners of different styles and this is a good reason to consider how to communicate to learners with different learning styles.Communication is the art of successfully sharing meaningful information with people by means of an interchange of experience. The important word is successfully, which implied that a desired behaviour change results when the receiver takes the message (Walklin 1993, p. 164). According to Walklin, it is not enough to communicate the instructions, it is also important to deliver praise or constructive criticism in order to encourage and guide the learner into new discovery, if you ask the learner to complete a task a feeling of accomplishment will encourage behaviour conducive to further learning. This is essential to me when teaching as my own learners can often be hostile to the learning process, feeling it has been imposed upon them. It is also important to listen to the students, if you set tasks that are above the students current abilities then you are likely to create a communication barrier whereby the student will close in on themselves not wishing to admit they cannot continue and the learning process will stop.Achieving two way communications with our learners is not straightforward. Barriers can often present themselves. It is crucial that a tutor can advert barriers and help learners overcome them. Petty (2009) proposes that unsuitable level of work, jargon, vocabulary, environmental factors, fear of failure and inapproachable tutor can be barriers to learners learning experience. Whilst I agree i n principle to this, I also believe that introducing new vocabulary and language usage is necessary to the learners further development.ReferenceArs grandiositya. Edited by W.D.Ross. OCT. Oxford Oxford UP, 1959.Bizzell, P. and Bruce Herzberg. (2000). The Rhetorical custom Readings from Classical Times to the Present. NY Bedford/St. Martins. p. 3.Chomsky, Noam (1956) , Three models for the description of language. Ire Transactions on Information theory, 113-124.Golden, James L., Goodwin F. Berquist, William E. Coleman, Ruth Golden and J. Michael Sproule (eds.). (2007). The rhetoric of Western thought From the Mediterranean world to the global setting, 9th ed. Dubuque, IA (USA) p.67.Gross, Alan G. and Arthur E. Walzer. (2000). Rereading Aristotles Rhetoric. Carbondale, IL (USA) Southern Illinois University PressLasswell, Harold D. (1948) The Structure and Function of Communication in Society.Morris, C. (1946) REVIEWS. Signs, Language, and Behavior. New York, Prentice. Hall Inc., Pp. xi, 365.Murphy, John J. (1983). Introduction, Peter Ramus, Arguments in Rhetoric against Quintilian. C. Newlands (trans.), J. J. Murphy (ed.). DeKalb IL (USA) Univ. of Illinois Press.Petty G (2009) Teaching Today (4th Edition), Nelson Thornes.Shannon,C Weaver, W (1949), The mathematical theory of communication, University of illinois press Urbana.Scramm, W. (1954) Procedures and effects of mass communication in Henry, N.B.(1954)Mass, media and education University of chicago Press Chicago.Walklin, A. (1993) Teaching and Learning in Further and Adult Education. Cheltenham Stanley Thornes (publishers) Ltd.

Security Issues of Social Networking Sites

guarantor Issues of neighborly Networking SitesC. Divya Gowri,K. Rajalakshmi, PG Scholar,S.SureshAbstract well-disposed Networking Sites (SNS) argon a platform to build well-disposed relationship or social networks among people. It is web-based service which allows people to create populace profiles it is similar to online community. The only difference is social network service is individual centred whereas online community is stem centred. It groups the individuals into specific groups for communication exercise. Millions of people like to meet an other(pre no.inal) people, shargon and gather selective tuition, share information about their work like cooking, finding employment, e-business, e-commerce, etc., SNS involves getting access to the website you wish to socialize. Once you are granted, you can scan the profile pages of others and even impinging them. These SNS has greatest impact on the people who use them. Today billions of people across the world have their pr ofiles in social networking sites. SNS becomes reason for addiction and anxiety. It starts affecting the personal relationship. This paper focuses on the impacts of these social networking sites.Key Tems Social Networking Sites, Personal privacy, Security issues.I. IntroductionSocial Networks 13 involves use of network to connect the substance abusers with their family, friends and acquaintances. Web-based social networking services connect people to share interests and activities across political, economic, and geographic borders. Online Social Networking sites like Twitter, Facebook, and MySpace have become popular in new-made years. Social Networks have become a personal fabric of the world. In such SNS, each of your Followers (Twitter) or Friends (Facebook) will be friend with your other friends just like in real world. The connection between people is non one-on-one but a network of connection. These social networks persist dock of all interactions used by their users on t heir sites and save them for later use. It allows users to meet new people, stay in touch with friends, and discuss about everything including jokes, politics, news, etc.,Using Social networking sites marketers can directly reach customers, this is not only benefit for the marketers but it also benefits the users as they get more information about the organization and the product. thither is absolutely no doubt that online social networks have become part of every individual. Though the use of these SNS is increase day by day, the users are not aware of risks associated with updating sensitive information. Facts prove that majority of people comport information like photos, share location unaware of security and privacy concerns. SNS unquestionably needs many security policies to keep users information secured.II. Literature Survey2.1 Privacy IssuesSecurity RisksWith the use of SNSs, the security risks 4 12 associated is also increasing rapidly. Some of the risks include cyber sta lking, phishing, location disclosure, identity theft, Phreaking, Spoofing, Doxing, spam issue, profile cloning, fake product sale and cyber bullying.People pop the question their personal data piece of music creating accounting on SNSs like Facebook, Twitter, etc. The secured data is stored in SNS and because of scummy security the data stored are not secure.Cyber StalkingIt is the use of SNS to harass/stalk an individual, group or organization. It includes monitoring, vandalism 15, and gathering of information that may be used to threaten the SNS users.PhishingPhishing 7 is attempting to acquire sensitive information like username, password, and credit card information by masquerading through SNS.Location DisclosureSNS can disclose users information 10. An application named creepy can track location of the user on a map by photos uploaded in Flicker or Twitter.Identity TheftSome hackers attack through application in which they study license for accessing their profile of SNS ( Facebook, Twitter, etc.). When SNS users allow doing so, hackers get all information so that they can misuse users information without their knowledge or permission.PhreakingIt is gaining unauthorized access to a users profile. It is advisable not to give phone numbers, passwords that provide direct access to a users profile.SpoofingSome attackers deceive computers by faking ones identity. IP spoofing masks or hides computers IP address.DoxingIt is publicly posting a persons identity including full name, address, limnings, go out of birth typically witnessd from any social sites.Spam IssuesSNS is widely spread with spam. It includes message spam and content spam 5 6. Spammers attack legitimate users account and post unwanted messages/comment on their wall or send those content to their friends so that the composition of the legitimate users is spoiled.Profile CloningProfile Cloning 38 is that the hackers retrieve the profile information of the SNSs users and rat a clone of the profile. They make this clone to spoil the reputation of the users. This is one of the most popular risks associated with the SNSs and it is also tiree without the permission or knowledge of the SNS user.Another form of profile cloning is Cross-site profile cloning. In this method, hackers steal information from one social site and make this information to create a profile in another SNS.Fake Product SaleThe hackers advertise on the SNSs for selling products by offering great discount and free products. When users try to purchase these products, they are asked to provide account information which is retrieved by attackers and they misuse the information.Cyber bullyingCyber bullies 10 often post information that spoils the reputation of a SNS user also they spread lies about them, write hateful comments, and upload disgusting photos or abusive images.2.2 Attacking scenariosClick JackingIn this typecast of attack, attackers post videos and when the users click on the page, some mal icious actions takes place. This type of attack is common in Facebook where users like a page or a picture or a video and the users are trapped.Content Based Image RetrievalIn this attack 9, the attackers match the patterns of images associated with the profile of the SNS users so that attackers know the flowing location of a user.De-Anonymization AttackIn this De-Anonymization attack 1 the users anonymity can be revealed by history stealing and group social status information.Neighbourhood attackIn this attacker 2 finds the neighbors of the victim node. Based on users profile and personal information, attackers are attracted by users personal information like their name, date of birth, contact information, relationship status, current work and education background.There can be leakage of information because of poor privacy settings. Many profiles are made public to others i.e. anyone can view their profile. Next is leakage of information through third party application. Social ne tworking sites provide an Application Programming Interface (API) for third party developers to create applications. Once users access these applications the third party can access their information automatically.Malicious packet updatesAn attacker may deliver malicious software to update the system. This may be used to disrupt computer system, obtain sensitive information or gain access to any private information.Evil Twin AttackIn this attack 11, it allows attackers to impersonate people or companies in SNS. This is used for the purpose of financial gain, physical crimes, defamation and information gathering. The attackers create a twin profile in the name of other person (legitimate user) and send friend bay or messages to get money or just gather information.2.3 Prevention strategiesInternet is of all time Public SNS users post anything on the internet and it is always ready(prenominal) in public. Thus it is users responsibility to post information that users are comfortable with. This may include their personal information and photos in which users are tagged in. Also once when users post information online, it cannot be deleted. Even if the information is deleted from a site, cached copy remains on the World Wide Web. delimitate the amount Always limit the amount of personal information you post. Do not disclose private information such as your residential address, contact number, etc.Assess your settings Users must be aware of their privacy settings. The default settings of the site will allow anyone to see your profile. But you can customize your settings to confine certain people from seeing your profile.Be cautious of Third party applications Some third party applications will ask for your private information while you run those applications. Avoid running those applications that are suspicious and limit the amount of information that the applications can access.Create secure passwords provide your account with passwords which are nasty to be gu essed. If users password is compromised, somebody may access your account and pretend to be like you without your knowledge. Always provide distinguishable passwords for different accounts which may confuse the cyber criminals. Combine upper and lower case letters with symbols and numbers to create secure passwords. Change your passwords frequently.Activate your firewall Firewalls are considered as the for the first time line of cyber defence. They block connections to unknown sites and will protect the system from viruses and hackers.Avoid being scammed Prevent viruses/malware infecting your system by installing and frequently updating antivirus software. listen of things you post Whatever you post online, it remains in cache even if you are not able to see. It is advisable to think before posting pictures that you dont want your employers or parents to see.Know your friends Online friends should not be taken as real friends unless you know them personally. Beware of what you sha re with those strange friends.Install from believe source- Install applications or softwares that comes from well- known or trusted sites. Remember that free software may come with malware. Once you install an application, keep it up-to-date. If you no longer use an application, delete it.Avoid Wi-Fi spots Avoid accessing your personal accounts from public computers like Internet centres or through public Wi-Fi spots. It is always preferred to use high security settings on any SNS.IV. CONCLUSIONSNS have become a likely target for attackers due to sensitive information available. The growth of social networking sites shows tremendous changes in personal and social behavior of internet users. It has become an essential medium of communication and an entertainment among adults. Though it affects the everyday activities of the users, many cyber crime activities evolved, the popularity of such sites are not going to reduce.SNS can be used for sales and marketing, but the security risks can put a company or individual in a compromising position. Many cyber laws have to be fortified so that cyber criminals cannot escape from committing a crime. Many SNS are implementing different security mechanisms to SNS users. Also users must be careful and prevent themselves from being attacked.V. REFERENCES1 Gilbert Wondracek, Thorsten Holz, Engin Kirda, and Christopher Kruegel, Practical Attack to De-anonymize Social Network Users, IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, 2010, pp.223-238.2 Bin Zhou and Jian Pei, Preserving Privacy in Social Networks Against Neighborhood Attacks, Data Engineering, 2008. ICDE 2008. IEEE 24th International Conference on, Apr. 2008, pp.506-515.3 M. Balduzzi, C. Platzer, T. Holz, E. Kirda, D. Balzarotti, and C. Kruegel, Abusing Social Networks for Automated User Profiling, Symposium on new Advances in Intrusion Detection (RAID), vol. 6307, Sep. 2010, pp. 422-441.4 Dolvara Gunatilaka, A Survey of Privacy and Security Issues in Social Networks, ht tp//www.cse.wustl.edu/jain/cse57111/ftp/social/index.html5 Garrett Brown, Travis Howe, Micheal Ihbe, Atul Prakash, and Kevin Borders, Social networks and context-aware spam, CSCW 08 Proceedings of the 2008 ACM throng on Computer supported cooperative work, 2008, pp.403-412. http//www.eecs.umich.edu/aprakash/papers/cscw08_socialnetworkspam.pdf.6 B. Markines, C. Cattuto and F. Menczer, Social Spam Detection,Proc. 5th Intl Workshop Adversarial Information Retrieval on the Web(AIRWeb 09), ACM Press, 2009, pp. 4148.7T.N. Jagatic et al., Social Phishing,Comm. ACM,vol. 50, no. 10, 2007, pp. 94100.8 Khayyambashi, M.R. Rizi, F.S. 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