Robert Martinson

Indeed, the article written by Robert Martinson entitled â€Å"What Works? Questions and Answers About Prison Reform† has given much controversy to the application of rehabilitation in relation to recidivism. The claims of the article written by the team of Martinson, which includes Dr. Doug Lipton as the senior author and Judith Wilks as the co-author, centered on the theme that there is no significant improvement with rehabilitation strategies. This has been widely accepted by both the Left and the Right and became popular as the â€Å"Nothing Works!† (Sarre 2). Both people and institutions have come to think that the findings provided that nothing works for the crime offenders are something that should be accepted and is a fact (Sarre 2). Thus, it is until now that the claims of Martinson, despite two decades have passed is something that has been held by public agencies involved (Sarre 5). Despite the fact that people have already taken this fact with open arms, there are things which might have been left before Martinson and the authors could speak to clarify the findings further. The conclusions may be of significance but to every research, there are limitations and problems that should be realized together with this. Indeed, the conclusions of Martinson that strategies of rehabilitation employed are not as effective would require a deeper understanding that it may be for a particular group of people and that the limitations would have to be considered for the conclusions rendered. It could be said that the phrase â€Å"nothing works† is not the conclusion that the authors would want to convey for their study. It is not in its entirety that they would want this to be the message. In fact, it is only a partial of this because as they mentioned â€Å"†¦ with few and isolated exceptions, the rehabilitative efforts that have been reported so far have had no appreciable effect on recidivism† and â€Å"our present strategies †¦ cannot overcome, or even appreciably reduce, the powerful tendencies of offenders to continue in criminal behavior† (as qtd in Sarre 2). It is to be noted that there is the phrase â€Å"few and isolated exceptions† and â€Å"our present strategies† which would require some note that there is a hope that rehabilitation is concluded to be still there, just have to be improved or searched. Before Martinson passed away, he claimed that the some treatment programs do have an effect and these are on â€Å"individual psychotherapy, group counseling, intensive supervision, and what we have called individual/help (aid, advice, counseling)† (as qtd in Sarre 4). This could be seen as a parallel point to the phrases â€Å"few and isolated exceptions† and â€Å"our present strategies.† A possible explanation that may be given for such is a phrase written by Sarre as â€Å"the burial of rehabilitation as an aim of sentencing appears to have occurred before its death had even been announced† (5). People have rushed into conclusions before the authors were given the chance to explain further the study or to conduct several researches more to confirm if this is for the general population. The negative picture associated with the criminal offenders would likewise give further strength to the ideas received by the population. The careful publication of researches should be made in the future should be observed and the constant challenge to ideas presented with a critical mind and eyes should be maintained. Work Cited Sarre, Rick. Beyond â€Å"What Works?† A 25 Year Jubilee Retrospective of Robert Martinson. Paper presented at the History of Crime, Policing and Punishment Conference convened by the Australian Institute of Criminology in conjunction with Charles Sturt University and held in Canberra, 9-10 December 1999. 8 April 2008 [http://www.aic.gov.au/conferences/hcpp/sarre.pdf].

How setting clarifies the theme in “Macbeth” Essay

In the play The Tragedy of Macbeth by William Shakespeare, the setting clarifies the various themes and characters of the play. Darkness, deceiving appearances, and the supernatural are aspects of setting that influence the characters actions and lives. The play shows that an environment is a crucial aspect of one’s life. Depending on where they live, one’s surroundings affect their reactions and decisions. The play initiates it’s setting on a dark, gloomy battlefield where war is in order. This setting clarifies the ‘darkness is equivalent to evil’ theme, and Macbeth’s evil mentality because it shows that Scotland is in a state of disorder. This setting brings darkness upon the entire country, and Macbeth’s actions as well. And as the setting grows darker, Macbeth’s wickedness develops alongside. Except for Macbeth’s, all murders in the play occur at night. Macbeth wanted ‘stars hide your fires’ so he could kill Duncan without heaven seeing what he was doing. This obviously, is an example of men’s mentality as they go into war. Even Duncan’s trained horses seem like they are going to, â€Å"Make war with mankind,† (2.4.18) by going wild and breaking out of their stalls on the night of his death. This shows that the dark and warlike setting influences even the animals in Shakespeare’s play. Secondly, castles in the Shakespearian time period were deceiving in appearance. They are looked upon as glorious structures that were beautiful, peaceful, and everything but cold and reeking of feces. Such a setting is Macbeth’s castle; it’s deceiving appearance clarifies the deceiving actions of the characters that inhabit it. The king, as Macbeth’s guest, is first to be deceived by the castle. â€Å"This castle hath a pleasant seat; the air nimbly and sweetly recommends itself unto our gentle senses.† (1.6.1-3) This shows that the king is pleased with the setting. The castle’s deceiving quality also clarifies Lady Macbeth’s mentality. â€Å"To beguile the time, look like the time.† (1.5.61-62) Lady Macbeth convinces Macbeth to deceive the people by wearing a false face and hiding the ugliness behind his thoughts, like his misleading castle. Furthermore she deceives her own husband by coaxing him into killing the king. â€Å"Wouldst thou / live a coward in thine own esteem?† (1.7.44-45) Macbeth objected to murder the king and this clarifies that Lady  Macbeth betrayed him. Like a castle is misleading in appearance, the inhibitors of Macbeth’s castle deceive their guest and each other. Lastly, the play incorporates a supernatural theme. The main setting that employs this theme is the The Birnam Wood’s. Macbeth was told by apparitions from the witches that, â€Å"Macbeth shall never vanquished be until Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill shall come against him.† (4.1.93-94) This setting influences Macbeth into believing he is invincible, which ultimately leads him to his destruction. â€Å"Who can impress the forest, bid the tree unfix his earth-bound root? Sweet bodements, good!† (4.1.95-96) This shows the In conclusion, The Tragedy of Macbeth by William Shakespeare clarifies the various themes and characters of the play with its extensive use of setting. Darkness, deceiving appearances, and the supernatural are aspects of setting that influence the characters actions and lives. The play shows that a setting is a crucial aspect of one’s life. Depending on where they live, one’s reactions and decisions may be clarified and simplified by their surroundings.

Individual Assignment Environmental Fundamentals Paper Essay

 · How do you define environmental science ?  · How does the relationship between science and technology affect environmental problems and solutions in today’s society?  · Why is the concept of environmental sustainability important, and why should it be studied? What are the historical patterns surrounding sustainable and unsustainable human interactions with the environment?  · In general, how do human values affect sustainability given current challenges facing society? After reviewing the research on the environment, how do environmental hazards affect human health? Provide at least two examples. It is important to remember that college is not all about studying. College is a significant step into adulthood and should be treated as such. While you should not party the night away, do not keep your nose in your books to the point that you do not get to enjoy this time of your life. This work comprises ENV 100 Week 1 Individual Assignment Environmental Fundamentals Paper   General Questions – General General Questions Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper in which you discuss the fundamental principles of environment science. In your paper, answer the following questions:  · How do you define environmental science ?  · How does the relationship between science and technology affect environmental problems and solutions in today’s society?  · Why is the concept of environmental sustainability important, and why should it be studied? What are the historical patterns surrounding sustainable an†¦ To get this material copy and paste link to browser – https://bitly.com/1xptIgO It is important to remember that college is not all about studying. College is a significant step into adulthood and should be treated as such. While you should not party the night away, do not keep your nose in your books to the point that you do not get to enjoy this time of your life. General Questions – General General Questions Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper in which you discuss the fundamental principles of environment science. In your paper, answer the following questions:  · How do you define environmental science ?  · How does the relationship between science and technology affect environmental problems and solutions in today’s society?  · Why is the concept of environmental sustainability important, and why should it be studied? What are the historical patterns surrounding sustainable and unsustainable human interactions with the environment?  · In general, how do human values affect sustainability given current challenges facing society? After reviewing the research on the environment, how do environmental hazards affect human health? Provide at least two examples.

Nike. Ethical Audit Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Nike. Ethical Audit Report - Essay Example Also the ethical implications related to the disclosure method adopted by Nike related to its Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) stature is discussed in detail. The company Nike has responded in a professional manner to the many labor issues it has faced over a span of the past 10 years. A detailed audit related to the ethics of the business and possible changes which can make the company Nike a better workplace are dealt with in this paper. Introduction Nike created a code of conduct related to work place ethics after it was seriously allegated of making women and children work under hazardous conditions with minimum wages especially in developing countries like China. Nike is a leading marketer of athletic apparel and shoes and it has its operations and sales outlets spread across the globe. Nike is not involved in the actual manufacturing of its products; rather the company is involved in designing the products marketed by it. Nike makes use of workers on a contract basis for t he purpose of manufacturing in nearly 600 factories which are scattered across the globe and employs almost 800,000 people (CSR Report, Nike, pg.25). With such a huge work force the company faces issues related to ethics at work place and as the company is globally accredited it also faces Corporate Social Responsibility related ethical dilemmas. Corporate companies have to follow a responsible path and make sure the way with which they act and take their business ahead is within the permissible limits of ethics. In the year 2004 Nike released its Corporate Social Responsibilities report, first of its kind in accordance with the Global Reporting Indicators (GRI). The mission of GRI deals with developing, publicizing sustainability guidelines and global responsibility. GRI is process oriented and the indicators can be made use of while reporting environmental, economic and social aspects related to products, services and activities of the company. In this research paper these GRI ind icators will be applied to perform the ethical social audit of the company Nike. As at present there is no strong code of conduct present to enforce labor standards on an international basis as many countries especially developing ones have limited ability in relation to enforcing labor laws (Cohen, Sabel, 2006). There were only 24,291 direct employees at Nike during the year 1990 who worked in the United States and the major work force in manufacturing factories of Nike was from developing countries on a contract basis. Nike has been criticized for the ethics of the company when it comes to outsourcing. In many of its factories across the globe the problems of low wages, human rights and poor working conditions were prevalent. Though the management at Nike did not accept responsibility for such poor work conditions at first, during the year 1992 a well formulated code of conduct in relation to the labor, health and environmental standards was observed and followed by Nike. The mini mum age for labors was increased to 18 years and all the footwear suppliers were insisted to adopt the United States Occupational and Safety Health Administration (OSHA) standards at work place. To deal with labor practices issues Nike created the Nike Environmental Action Team (NEAT) in the year 2000. There are more than 100 corporate responsibility managers at work in Nike at present and there are over 1000 production managers working across the globe. An ethics audit deals with the manner in which the ethical practices and procedures adopted by a company can be assessed. On a professional basis the ethical standards have moved from being comprehensive to being more detailed.

Digital media in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Digital media in China - Essay Example This "Digital media in China" outlines how restrictions and censorship in China caused the emergence of the local Chinese social networks instead of western and also describes the most popular forms of digital media in this country. The first forms of digital media that are popular in china are the video sharing sites. These include Tudou and Youku. The sites are the equivalent of You Tube that is popular in the western countries. Tudou started in April 2005, and was the first online video platform to be introduced in china. Most of the content is user-generated videos and premium licensed content (Crampton 1). Youku, on the other hand, enjoys the largest Chinese video animation. This site started in December 2006. The videos are licensed, and professional, user generated and self-produced web videos (Crampton 1). However, the use of these sites by Chinese Netizens is different from how Americans use YouTube. These sites do not contain short video of cute animals or silly domestic mi shaps that are popular among YouTube users (Crampton 1). The content of these sites is more reliable, longer, and up to 70 percent is professionally produced (Crampton 1). Most of the users spend more than one hour as compared to counterparts that spend less than 20 minutes per day (Crampton 1). The Chinese sites are more online television stations or a substitute for digital video recorders. An individual in China have discretion of posting videos, but most of the subject of online video is longer-format professional videos. Most of the videos are external programs pirated, subtitled, and uploaded hours after screening in western countries such as United States (Crampton 1). However, there is increased demand of content on Youku and Tudou, and this has resulted to mushrooming of companies that focus solely on online video. The sites television like atmosphere has prompted most of young Chinese reliance on them. The other site is Sina Weibo. This is an equivalent of Micro blog site of the western nation. This started in 2009, three years after twitter. This is the most popular micro blogging platform in china. It has

Valuation of Futures Contracts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Valuation of Futures Contracts - Assignment Example The future looks gloomy for this stock Factors affecting perfomance of cooprate bond Prevailing interest rates Idealy corprate bonds offer better yield prospects than government bonds but that’s because of the risk involved. This is happens so as to entice the investors to turn their attention away from the treaeury bonds and securities. Since most often than not, the performance of corprate bonds are pegged against that of treasury bonds. The prices at which the later are quoted really maters, the amount of yield they produce also matters a lot. When the yield of a bonds future is less than that of prevailing treasury bonds, such a bond is considered to be under performing. When the Government issues bonds at better prices than that of the corporate bonds the demand shifts to the government bonds thus the laws of demand and supply come into play hence forcing the corporate bond’s price to dip. The opposite happens when the government bonds are not that attractive which is very rare. Overal perception of the investor Whenever global news headlines are positive and encouraging, investors tend to be more open minded and open to opportunities across the globe. At such times they are willing to put out their money because they are confident of a good return on investment thanks to a good business climate moving forward. The opposite happens when there is turmoil and conflict; most investors tend to hold on to their money during such periods. Some investor even consider divesting from markets they consider to be to risky or adversely affected by the negative news. They focus more into secure investments such as treasury bonds and securities. If a company is trading in an environment considered being risky at a particular time by portential investor, those investors may choose to shy away from the corporate bonds issued by that compnay and such an action may affect the price of the bond negatively. Political developments or natural disasters in an econo my half way across the world can greatly affect the performance of a stock locally. A good case in point is the earth quakes and Tsunamis. Political activities also do influence price flactuations in a corprate bond. Usually investors shy away from ecomonies that have unstable political environments, especially when such a countries are having elections or revolutions. Overall finacial health of a company The overall financial health of a company is of paramount importance. A company’s ability to maintain high profits increase investor apetite and confidence therefore a corprate bond issues by that company at such a time would fetch very high prices. This is because investors like being assoiated with performing companies thus making them more reluctant to sell the bonds they hold with such companies which results into low yields but rising prices. The opposite happens when a company reports losses. Such reports really vex investor confidence to the extent that some start to doubt weather that Particullar Company will be able to pays their debts to the investors. Such doubts can prompt investors to damp the bonds of that campany into the market thus increasing the yield but reducing prices. Credit rating agencies such as Standards & Poors also do affect the perfomance of a corprate bond. These credit rating agenc

Discuss the arguments for and against international fair wage and Essay

Discuss the arguments for and against international fair wage and employment standards codes (i.e., anti-sweatshop rules) - Essay Example When workers develop the perception that the compensation received in exchange to the effort rendered in performing the job is insufficient, it hinders their morale towards the organization and their motivation as well. This is quite likely to adversely affect the productivity and ultimately affect the performance of the organization causing ethical issues in the working environment in relation to human rights. It has been with this concern that the concept of â€Å"Fair wage† was developed (Grossman and Helpman, â€Å"Fair Wages and Foreign Sourcing†). This particular developed in the working environment can be well-described with reference to the occurrence of sweatshop movement during the 19th century (Miller, â€Å"Why Economists Are Wrong about Sweatshops and the Anti-Sweatshop Movement†). ... Following the findings in this regard, the discussion will also precise certain specific recommendations to mitigate the limitations and facilitate the positive of implementing the international â€Å"fair wage† and employment standard codes. Argument for International â€Å"Fair Wage† and Employments Standard Codes in Relation to Anti-Sweatshop Rules Researchers have often assumed that employers are always ethically appreciative to pay fair wages to the employees whenever possible, in order to keep them motivated and satisfied. However, in the practical scenario, the working environment situations have repeatedly been witnessed to depict the authoritarian power led malpractices conducted by employers in terms of employee exploitation. A best example to this context has been the anti-sweatshop movement which resulted in the establishment of certain rules in terms of international â€Å"fair wages’ and employment standards with the intention to protect the human rights and welfare of employees along with rendering due significance towards employers’ interests (Miller, â€Å"Why Economists Are Wrong about Sweatshops and the Anti-Sweatshop Movement†). The anti-sweatshop rules illustrate that the global pay system is based on three fundamental principles which include paying for the job, paying in accordance with the skills and competencies of the employees or workers and paying in context of the market value. Based on these principles, the concept of international â€Å"fair wage† was derived which renders due significance towards the ethical business conduct and also towards the transparency in employer-employee relationship. Fair wages can be illustrated as the wage rate which is above the minimum wages offered in a particular region for a