King Henry Iv Part 1 - Hal :: essays research papers

Shakespeare gives the reader the opportunity to view the timeless duplicity of a politician in Prince Hal of Henry IV, Part 1. sort of of presenting a rather common hero, Shakespeare sharpens the both sides of the sword and makes Hal a deceitful prince. In order to portray accurately the treachery and fickleness of Hal, Shakespeare must entrust Hal with models to follow, rivals to defeat, and a populace to convince. Although Hal would not have to grovel for votes from Englands populace to become king, he does understand the problems of being an unpopular ruler from witnessing his fathers problems. So Hal needs to curve a general population that he is competent in order to remain a king once he has obtained the throne. Shakespeare wants the play to seem consonant to Hal, and he wants Hal to convince the audience (populace) himself. therefore, Hals fraudulence is hidden in undertones and slips of the tongue which he makes throughout the play. The first indication of this comes at his soliloquy in coif 2, Scene 1. It would be impossible for a reasonable man to have boozed and bummed all of his teen years and suddenly renounce his life and become reborn. There is an amoral quality to Hal that allows him to change allegiances as political winds would call it wise. But it is not just amorality that makes Hal a politician - he desires power as well. His amorality culminates in his eulogies for Hotspur and Falstaff with the superlative grasp of power he makes in the play. After he gives them and Falstaff is found alive, he realizes that he has made a slight blunder and backs off a bit, allowing Falstaff some room to remain. But while he delivers them, he is at his best, being the worst. His basic behavior appears king-like, but the subtleties show his utter disregard for those who tell apart him and his calculating mind making political estimates so that he can secure the throne.Even though Hal is an amoral huckster, he must be able to convince others of his p robity for the play to work. Therefore, Shakespeare must spend most of Hals speeches using a convincing tone. He will use the overtones and most of the direct meanings of what Hal says to convey a thoughtful prince he will use the undertones and occasional slips to give insight to the reality of Hals persona.

Arranged Marriages Essay -- essays research papers fc

Arranged MarriagesWhat is an set marriage? Well in the Websters dictionary it is delimitate as a marriage where the marital partners atomic number 18 chosen by others based on considerations other than the pre-existing mutual attraction of the partners.This habit has been very crude in noble families, especially in reigning ones, at the scope of combining and perhaps enforcing the respective strengths of originary families (and kingdoms) of the spouses. A relevant part of history has been influenced by these unions. Arranged marriage is also the marriage concluded with the admirer of a middleman, once frequent in less cultivated social classes. In nearly areas it is the man who chooses his wife, often paying some money for her, to her family and was common in many countries until the 19th century (and is still the habit in use in some areas), scarcely an increasing number of young people today refuse arranged marriage.Now that some of the basic history of arranged marriages h as been defined and taken care of, lets move onto localized areas of arranged marriagesJapan - In modern Japan, more than 70% of all marriages are referred to as "love marriages," the rest are the more traditional arranged marriages (omiai). When an arranged marriage is desired, the man and womanhood, who are seeking a marriage partner, enlist the help of a go-between (nakodo). This allows the couple to meet and get to know each other and decide if a marriage is suitable. It is quite common for the parents of the man and woman to be present at the first meeting. Afterwards the couple meets socially over a period of time and so decides, if both are acceptable, to marry. This whitethorn seem a little clinical in the west, but in Japan, with its high work ethic, and large population, it is hard for some people to meet someone of the opposite sex. Now some may believe that these types of marriages does not last when in fact they have a higher success rate then those who go ou t and find someone to date and then get to know and marry. The success rates of a tradition arrange marriage is round 80% more likely to succeed then in a love marriage. England For England we will refer to mid-evil England as to current time arranged marriages are not held in such high regard as it did then, even the current kings and princesses of England are not based on arranged marriage but of a process that narrows down... ...Webster DictionaryDefinition of Arranged MarriageArranged Marriagehttp//www.askasia.org/frclasrm/readings/r000153.htmNaomis Omiaihttp//www.amsnet.co.jp/user/john/essays/naomi01.htmlOMIAI by Yuriko Takayamahttp//ellserver3.njcu.edu/courses/haber/4aOmiai.htmlMarriage with the proper stranger arranged marriage in metropolitan Japan.http//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000282486Defying arranged marriage becomes a life-and-death decisionhttp//www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2004/08/15/MNGGR876O91.DTLArranged Vs Love Marriagehttp//www.boloji.c om/women/0072.htmLegal Commentary - Forced Marriagehttp//www.legalday.co.uk/current/practice/lawsociety/lawsoc260304.htmHow to find a compatible match - flavor for love in all the right placeshttp//www.thedesertsun.com/news/stories2004/advertorial/20040527120331.shtmlWomen in Anglo-Saxon Englandhttp//csis.pace.edu/grendel/projf20004g/womenAnglo.htmlMarriage arranged and forced http//www.whatnow.co.uk/html/info_zone/relationships.asp?record=222Marriageshttp//www.routledge-ny.com/religionandsociety/Rites/marriage.pdfA Choice by Righthttp//www.homeoffice.gov.uk/docs/fminsert.pdf

Analysis of The Darling, by Anton Chekhov Essay -- The Darling Essays

The story The Darling by Anton Chekhov, illustrates a wo opus that is lonely, insecure, and lacking wholeness of oneself without a man in her life. This woman, Olenka, nick discernd Darling is compassionate, gentle and sentimental. Olenka is portrayed for being conventional, a woman who is reliant, diligent, and idea less. Although, this story portrays that this woman, known as the Darling needs some expression of male to be emotionally dependant upon, it is as if she is a black widow, she is able to win affection, notwithstanding without applaud. Only able to find happiness with the refection of the beliefs of her lovers, she never evolves within the story. This story, The Darling presents how a woman, named Olenka, the main character, who is also, in this story, known as the darling, has a reliance on others, and for the most lives an empty life. Olenka does not posses whatever personality of her own at that placefore, she only finds happiness in reflecting the beli ef of her husbands/lovers. Olenka has the need to be fond of someone, and she frequently, fills her empty life through others, but only later on having time of lacking wholeness in her self. In the beginning it appears that Olenka is waiting for Mr. Right, but it is really so, that Olenka, is dependant and needs to love and have the love of others. She finds this love, this matte love that most look for, in people such as her aunt, the schools French master, and even her father. Later, Olenka finds herself married to a man, by the name of, Kukin, and Kukin being her first husband. Kukin is someone whom Olenka feels she cannot be without. Olenka sitting lonely on her back porch, night after night, and lost in thought, listened, one evening, to Kukin, the manager of an outside theater, called the Tivoli, says, Again. Its going to rain again meaning there will be no work. She again on the following evening, listens to him, as he, with a laugh of hysteria, says, Well, rain away, then Flood the garden, drown me..... Olenka trying to become part of something and feel as if she has a purpose, would listen to Kukin with silent gravity, and sometimes there would be tears that would fill her eyes. Kukin proposed to Olenka. Afterward marring and getting a closer view of Olenka, he throws his hands up and says, You darling After seeing her screw and her plump, fine s... ...end proves to this reader that Olenka has never been able to fulfill this need she is looking for, this need to love and to be loved. Voloditchka and Sasha do come back to this place where Olenka is, but with his wife and the mother of his son, to reconcile. In Conclusion, this story portrays a woman who is insecure, lonely, and looking to love and to be loved. This love is something which Olenka searches for in males, both adults, and boys, she thinks she finds this love, in her husbands and, lover. She what she thinks to be love, in her first husband, and then her sec ond, but the third male in her life, her lover, known as Voldichka is there only for his satisfaction. Olenka does get the fulfillment of love needed y Voldichka. Olenka than tries through a boy named Sasha, Voldichkas son. It is true to this reader that even though Olenka experienced these relationships with these men and the boy, Sasha, she still never found a carry through fulfillment in life. Olenka did not experience respect as a woman, but someone who would be there as needed. Olenka never earned respect as most women do, she to this reader only was a filler for others, others of the gender known as male.

Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect Essay -- Climate Change Envi

Global Warming and the Greenhouse EffectHuman induced climate change resulting from an enhanced greenhouse motion is probably the greatest environmental threat facing the world today. Specifically, the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide may be classified as the primary culprit. As a result of greenhouse gases forecasting the upper levels of the earths atmosphere, it diminishes or breaks down the earths Ozone layer. With this loss of this protective blanket, harmful radioactive rays from the sun enter the deeper into the earths atmosphere. This creates a rise in the overall temperature of our planet, along with alterations in the global environment, ecosystems and way of life for the habitants of earth.The earth like any body in set cools and warms until energy inputs from solar radiation and outputs from natural radiation are balanced. Greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere from human activities trap some of the energy radiating from the earth, increasing th e temperature at which the earth creates energy balance. Based on a study by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) done in the early 1990s, nigh 65% of human induced greenhouse gases contributed to global warming. Over 80% of the increased atmospheric concentrations of harmful gases since the industrial revolution have been causes by industrial countries. Due to recent outsourcing and manufacturing market transfers, Asia and Latin America are regions where harmful emissi...

Healing Health Care :: essays research papers

Healing Health CareLevi Pulkkinen Op-Ed Paper March 10, 1997As Grant nears the end of his forty-fifth year old age begins to shedits baneful light over every aspect of his life. He has already watch four ofhis teeth rot out because, although he works nearly lx hours a week, hecannot afford basic health care. As he enters the twilight years of his life,earlier than anyone should, he is faced with failing health and no way to paythe doctor bills. The fact that someone who has worked all their life may not beable to obtain adequate medical and dental care because of their station in lifegoes against all the ideals that have made America great.As we enter into the twenty-first century we bump into new cures andtreatments springing into our clinics and homes at an unprecedented rate. Only afool would argue that these advances are not helping millions, but the costs native with these new remedies make them inaccessible to many an(prenominal) Americans whowould benefit greatly from th em. From 1971 to 1991 the price of health relatedgoods and services climbed 30 percent faster that of other goods, placing farout of the financial reach of the functional class of this nation. It is time toconsider a true national health-care system, in order to insure that everyone,not just the wealthy, can enjoy good health. As it stands, America is the onlycivilized country where access to basic health care depends on where one worksand how much one is paid. For many head insured people there is debate about ournations stance on the separation between the individual and the state, but thefact of the flat is that if our friend Grant had been born five hundred milesto the North he would still have his teeth and a much brighter future.In Canada, where they have had a national health insurance since 1967, acitizen is guaranteed treatment for any illness that may afflict him or her. Inaddition to keeping their people heather, and as a result happier, the Canadiansystem has kept cost s minimal while research and development has continued atthe same, if not faster, pace that we see here. Around the globe we can see thecorrelation between national health care systems and better quality of treatment.In Japan, they have countered the medical problems inherent with a crowdedsociety through national health insurance, and as a result enjoy a extremelyhigh quality of living. all the same here we have harnessed some of the power of

Healing Health Care :: essays research papers

Healing Health CareLevi Pulkkinen Op-Ed Paper March 10, 1997As Grant nears the end of his forty-fifth year old age begins to shedits sinister light over every aspect of his life. He has already watch four ofhis teeth rot out because, although he works nearly 60 hours a week, hecannot afford basic health care. As he enters the twilight years of his life,earlier than anyone should, he is faced with failing health and no way to paythe doctor bills. The fact that someone who has worked all their life may not beable to obtain adequate medical and dental care because of their station in lifegoes against all the ideals that have made America great.As we enter into the twenty-first century we fascinate new cures andtreatments springing into our clinics and homes at an unprecedented rate. Only afool would argue that these advances are not helping millions, but the costs native with these new remedies make them inaccessible to umpteen Americans whowould benefit greatly from them. From 19 71 to 1991 the price of health relatedgoods and services climbed 30 percent faster that of other goods, placing farout of the financial reach of the workings class of this nation. It is time toconsider a true national health-care system, in order to insure that everyone,not just the wealthy, can enjoy good health. As it stands, America is the onlycivilized country where access to basic health care depends on where one worksand how much one is paid. For many sound insured people there is debate about ournations stance on the separation between the individual and the state, but thefact of the matted is that if our friend Grant had been born five hundred milesto the North he would still have his teeth and a much brighter future.In Canada, where they have had a national health insurance since 1967, acitizen is guaranteed treatment for any illness that may afflict him or her. Inaddition to keeping their people heather, and as a result happier, the Canadiansystem has kept costs minimal while research and development has continued atthe same, if not faster, pace that we see here. Around the globe we can see thecorrelation between national health care systems and better quality of treatment.In Japan, they have countered the medical problems inherent with a crowdedsociety through national health insurance, and as a result enjoy a extremelyhigh quality of living. eve here we have harnessed some of the power of

Organizing Relationships Traditional and Emerging Perspectives on Workplace Relationships Essay

Business ethics One of the issues that have raised concerns in business present tense is the birth between senior employees, and the junior employees of the opposite sex. For years, senior employees such as managers and directors have been accused of informally or emotionally abusing the junior employees workings under them. Some are even accused of threatening to dismiss the employees who decline their request for versed favors from them. Though this may be seen as sexual harassment, the case might be something different from that. Simply because the relationship is between senior and a junior employee, it may not be right to peak to a conclusion that the boss is sexually or emotionally exploiting their subject. It may be a relationship that has developed naturally imputable to the level of affaire of the two employees of the opposite gender. The controversial nature of this issue is clearly portrayed in the mail online article of November 13th, 2013. The article explain s that the report of a study carried come forth by business week has shown that most of these relationships between employees have nothing to do with harassment. During the survey, it was found out that most of the people working in the offices would be up to a sexual relationship with someone from their office if they got the chance. Of the 2500 respondents interviewed during the survey, 85 percent said it was right for employees within the company to be allowed to have sexual relationships. Some even confessed of sexually admiring their coworkers. After all this, why does the Human Resource department discourage intimate relationships between their employees of opposite gender? The fare is that they conclude that one of the parties in the relationship is sexually harassed, especially if one of the parties is the boss of the other. Some people may accuse me of supporting the behavior of the bosses to learn in sexual relationships with their colleagues. But if we consider som e working conditions in some organizations, we see that the relations originate absolutely from intimacy and not harassment. drive the case of a male manager, who works with a lady as the personal secretary. It is very possible for the two to engage in an affair due to the intimacy created by the working conditions. The two do meetings together, go for lunch together, spend time together in the office, sometimes they go together to attend meetings far from their place of work, and many other closely spent times. From all these close relation, is it not against the laws of nature for something more than than boss-secretary relationship to happen? Ironically, when a relationship develops between the manager and his secretary, the manager depart be accused of sexually harassing the secretary In my opinion, the boss would be emotionally harassing the secretary if he chose to cut the feelings that develop after been together almost all the time. It may also be arguable that boss- subject relationships may adversely affect the performance of the employees. Employees may be reluctant in their work simply because the boss, who is supposed to supervise their work, can not condemn them because of the existing bond. This may be the idea behind the run by the human resource department against sexual relationships at the piece of work. However, this may not always be the case. This relationship may boost the performance of an employee who will always be trying to be the best to impress the boss. The article workplace relationships on Wikipedia explain of a theory, Workplace Relationship Quality and teaching Experiences, which originated from a study conducted by Patricia Sias. The theory states the most productive employees are the ones with high access to information about their workplace. It is obvious that the employees with a relationship more than the ordinary workplace relationship have a higher access to business information. I may, therefore, be right to s ay that the boss-subject relationships can play an main(prenominal) part in boosting the productivity of the employees. The article further describes relationships at the workplace as workplace romance. It explains that though these relationships may not make the workplace so comfortable for other employees it plays a very important part in the working of the parties involved in the affair. It increases performance due to high motivating and overall job satisfaction. Even though some senior employees in some business organization sexually exploit their junior colleagues, let us not mistake every relationship for sexual exploitation or harassment. It is good to appreciate that these bosses and their subjects are just ordinary people and what makes their difference is wholly the working position and titles. When there is a relationship between two junior employees of opposite gender, this is taken to be an ordinary love relationship. Why so do we have to treat the seniors diffe rently? Arent they the same as the juniors? What marks the difference is only job level. It is, therefore, necessary to analyze the situation onward concluding that a boss is sexually harassing a junior workmate.ReferencesSias, P. M. (2009). Organizing relationships traditional and emerging perspectives on workplace relationships. Los Angeles SAGE.(https//www.goodreads.com/user/new?remember=true)Sias, P. M. (2008). Organizing Relationships Traditional and acclivitous Perspectives on Workplace Relationships.. Thousand Oaks SAGE Publications. (http//www.amazon.com/Organizing-Relationships-Traditional-Perspectives-Workplace/dp/1412957974)Source document

IT Ethics and Security Essay

Piracy has always been a concern with technology over the years. Organizations stress hard to analyze the requirement of the hour of computer users and then develop softw are that can fully ease the problems of a user. The organizations that develop bundle program on the face of it need to have a return for their attempt. The software developers job is a tough one, because they put off their sleep in order to maintain a tempo in the development of software and organizations often find it difficult to meet the exact requirements on ordered software, due to which several revisions are do on the software before it gets into a final exam product.The software development market is generally divided into two categories, Open Source software and constraining Source software. The Open Source software is the one that are free to use, and the organizations or individual developers who develop this software encourage its distribution, usage and at times modifications according to the r equirement of the user. The Source code, which has all the development procedures are provided to the user in this category, therefore the modifications become easy when the software gets into the hand of another developer. (Frederick, 2007)These are great for learning purpose and often are used by immature developers to get help in development. The Close Source software are contrastingly different, the users need to buy these software just like any product in the market and often these kind of software get guest support and trainings how to, so that the user gets full value for his money. The close source software is ones, that are stable and they go through different processes before its final launch. The organization that develop these software often register them with their name so that copyrights and license usage law is applied on them.The licensure law ensures the organization that the software bought but a person will be used according to organizations specified conditions. (Albacea, 2005) In this particular case where the friend is religious offering to split the cost is a rapine of licensure law. Microsoft is a large enterprise and it develops close source software that are copyrighted and licensed according to their wrong and conditions. When my friend bought Microsoft Office, in the product pack he had been provided the terms for use of the product, which states that sharing of the product is a violation to the licensure law.Ethically this is very wrong because Microsoft develops the software after several procedures and analyzing the market conditions, and the price $300 for the office suite the charged is based upon cost analysis of one person. The sharing of one-user license is approximately equal to as stealing of a product because the organization is charging for once only from the user but at the same price another user using the same product free of cost. There have been several discussions conducted in small to large enterprises that d evelop software about piracy and violation of usage licensure.However many steps have been taken to minimize the violation and organizations also offer some package deals where multiple licenses are discounted which saves a lot of cost of user. This ethical violation of licensure law has been minimized to some extend now due to efforts but it also depends upon the inner self of a person to realize the attempt that an organization does in order to develop the software and stealing the software reduced their return which is an ethical issue.

Albert Einstein: the Miracle Mind Essay

The book, Albert Einstein The Miracle Mind, written by Tabatha Teatts is ab come forward this centurys greatest physicist, Albert Einstein. He was born on evidence 14, 1879 in Ulm, Germany to Hermann Einstein and Pauline Koch. Alberts original name was Ainstein and his ancestors were of Jewish origin. Down the generation, for some unknown reason, the name was changed to Einstein. When he was ab come forward one grade old, his family moved to Munich to set up an galvanising engineering company. Contrary to the belief that he must have always been a brilliant child, he was kind of an unusual child. He was a slow talker and preferred to play by himself.He was thought to be stupid and slow due to his habits. When Albert precious to talk, he would first think about it, then say it quietly to himself, and fin anyy say it out loud. He was not interested in exclude together(p) outdoor plays as other boys, but rather enjoyed puzzles and building houses by stacking cards. Just because he played quietly does not mean that he did not have a temper. When he was five years old, he was taught by a home tutor who never returned after almost being enamored with the chair by Albert. He even had severe temper tantrums, which persisted until he was seven years old. When Albert was six years old, he had an experience that would influence his supposition and curiosity and shape his future. Albert had been ill, and to amuse Albert, his father brought home a compass. Albert was amazed that no matter which direction he turned the compass, the needle would still daub north.At the bestride of seven, Albert was allowed to start directly at the atomic number 16 grade level at Volksschule a Catholic elementary school. He did well in his studies. At the age of nine, he enrolled in Munichs Luitpold Gymnasium (gymnasium is actually a German word for secondary school). At the age of ten, he became attracted in mathematics and science, and read many books in these fields. Albert was influenced by a book written by Aaron Bernstein that made him think about what it would tonicity to travel on a wave of light. This eventually led to Alberts great theory of relativity. While he was still in school, the familys electrical company in Germany shut downward and the family moved to Pavia, Italy. Albert was to stay and finish school, but on December 29, 1894 he quit school and moved to Italy to be with his family.Albert planned to enter Federal Polytechnic University in Zurich. He studied hard in math and science but barely studied in the other subjects. He performed well in math and science, but failed in other areas. Therefore, he was not played into the Polytechnic. However, the head of the physics department was so awed by Alberts math and science scores that he was invited to attend the vanquishs even if Albert was not accepted into Federal Polytechnic University. However, Albert could not accept it because he had to move to Aarau, Switzerland to finish his last year of secondary school at Canton School. later finishing at Canton School, Albert was accepted into Polytechnic. In his first year Albert learned about math and mechanics. He became really excited when he started learning physics, but when he soon found out that the professor never taught new lessons in physics, he lost interest in class and annoyed the teacher. This proved to be a mistake later in his future when was trying to find a job. Albert mainly studied by himself, and one of his close friends who took good notes shared them with Albert. This helped Albert get through his classes.When Albert had ingenuous time he went to cafs with his friends and had long discussions on theories, experiments, and problems to occupy the time. He also loved to play his violin, which helped him to meet many new people since he was a good- panoramaing musician. Then he met Mileva Maric, a student at Polytechnic who was rattling intelligent and had great knowledge in mathematics. They becam e friends and quickly grew close.after Albert graduated in the summer of 1900 his had planned on obtaining advanced degrees while working as an assistant to one of Polytechnic professors. His second goal was to get married Mileva, but he did not do very well on accomplishing either one of those goals. He could not find assistantship because he had irritated his physics professor while at Polytechnic. Because Mileva was a little older than Albert, was not Jewish, and had a limp from being born with a dislocated hip, Alberts parents were very much against their relationship. Albert was not allowed to marry until he was able to find a job.By December of 1900, Albert finished writing a paper on capillary action (the interaction between liquid meeting solid), and it was published in the Annalen der Physik (Journal of Physics), but he still could not find a job as an assistant. Things started to look brighter when his friend got him a position as a patent examiner and another friend ask ed him to teach a class for couple of months. In whitethorn of 1901, Mileva found out she was great(predicate) and by end of January 1902 she had a little girl and named her baby Lieserl (Little Lisa). By then Albert was working at the patent smear and getting steady pay. In October of 1902, at the age of fifty-five, Alberts father died of heart disease. Just before he died, he gave Albert authority to marry Mileva. On January 6, 1903, Albert and Mileva were finally married.Albert continued to work for the patent office. Albert became lonely staying at home with just his wife and his daughter, so Albert and his friends met every night and discussed theories and books they were reading. They called their theme the Olympia Academy. In May 1904, Hans Albert Einstein was born. By end of 1904 one of Alberts close friend, Michele Besso, came to work with him at the patent office. Albert enjoyed going over questions about light with his close friend and wrote many scientific papers to Annalen der Physik even though he was working full-time. Mileva helped Albert with the mathematical facts. In March 1905, he finished his paper on light. This would become the basis for the quantum physics, which would later help us create lasers, transistors, cell phones, electron microscopes, DVD players, solar cells, weapons, cameras, aircraft, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).In April 1906 Albert was promoted to technical Expert Second Class and received a raise while working at the office. By 1905 and 1909 Albert wrote over two dozen papers to Annalen der Physik. On the other hand Alberts Olympia Academy group stopped meeting each other because some members left town. While the other members of the group were gone Albert and Mileva had to occupy the time. So they drew a drawing of a machine that could measure tiny amounts of energy. After they finished their drawing they sent it to the Habicht brothers. The Habicht brothers worked on it for about twenty years. But by 1911 Albert gave up hope.In 1907 Albert went to Bern University to look for a job. Just as he was preparing to guide for the university in Zurich, his wife, Mileva, got pregnant again. So, instead of going to Zurich he decided to move the entire family to Prague, Germany for the university there. After they got to Prague, joy and tragedy struck. The good word of honor was that they gave birth to their second son, Eduard. The bad news was is that Albert came down with stomach ailment a condition that would cause difficulties for him for the rest of his life. By October, he was well enough to attend the first Solvay Conference in Brussels, Belgium. Albert said that he had never labored as hard.When Albert turned thirty-four in March 1913, he received a birthday card from his cousin, Elsa. After that, their letter writing began again. That summer, Alberts friends, Max Planck and Walther Nernst, tried to convince him to move to Berlin. Albert decided to go but not until April 1914. Mileva and the children, however, remained in Zurich. He was sad to leave his children, but an exciting event was on his mind an upcoming shadow. In Berlin, since he had nowhere else to stay, he stayed at his cousins (Elsa) house. Mileva gave math and diffuse lessons to try to make ends meet while Albert was gone.At Easter time in 1916 Albert and Mileva divorced, and his stomach troubles got worse. Albert lost about fifty-eight pounds because of this. In October 1917 Albert finally became the handler or the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics. Elsas daughter, Ilse, became Alberts secretary in January 1918. Working with Ilse gave him many ideas. Albert asked Ilse if she would marry him even though he was already engaged with her mother. Although Elsa gave them her permission to marry, Ilse rejected Albert. After divorcing Albert, Mileva was not earning enough money to support herself. This made Albert feel sorry for leaving her. Thus, he told her that he would give her any portentous Prize money he won in the future. Elsa and Albert finally got married in Berlin on June 2, 1919. A couple of weeks after the marriage the solar eclipse happened.On February 20, 1920 Alberts mother, Pauline, died. He was so sad that he went to the United States to get it off his mind. His first trip to the United States was on April 1921. He was welcomed to the uncontaminating House by President Warren G. Harding. He also won the Nobel Prize in Physics in1921. He was so famous because of his theories he was asked to lecture and visit Prague, Austria, France, Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Palestine between 1922 and 1923. On the personal side, his son Hans Albert married a woman named Frieda Knecht in 1927 and Ilse got married to a man named Rudolf Kayser in 1924.In 1928 Albert developed a heart condition that made him stay in bed. The Einsteins had a summer house in Caputh, Germany that they used when they cherished to get away from the crowd for a while. When Albert turned fifty in 1929 he was well enough to appreciate his birthday gift a sailboat. semivowel became one of his chief hobbies. Not long after this, Albert received news of tragedy and excitement. The great news was that Hans Albert and his wife gave birth to Bernhard Caesar Einstein. The horrible news was that his second son, Eduard, got sick with schizophrenia. Albert had to return back home so they left their summer home never to return again. Germans came to Alberts summer house and burned everything down in search of him. When they could not find him, they put him in the official Enemies of the State book, with the caption stating Not yet hanged. In 1934, Albert was in Princeton, joined by Elsas daughter, Margot. Sadly, Ilse had died. Two years later, in December 1936, his wife Elsa also died.On July 1939 a man named Leo Szilard informed Albert that the Germans may be preparedness to drop an atomic bomb on the United States. They told this to President Roosevelt. In 1943, Albert still was not allowed to work on the Manhattan Project, but was allowed to work for the U.S. Navy as a high-explosive adviser. The Congress offered Albert an American citizenship. While he was working on his citizenship, America dropped two bombs on Japan. This was all due to Alberts work. Albert felt devastated and ashamed.In 1948 Mileva died because of a terrible stroke. When the President of Israel, Chaim Weizmann, died in 1952, Albert was offered presidency, but he turned it down. Albert kept getting stomach pains. That same year, a radioactive metal was ascertained in the debris from the first thermonuclear device explosion. The metal was designated a new chemical element and officially named Einsteinium for Albert Einstein in 1955. Albert became so famous that people wanted autographs, quotes, advice even for his shoes from himOn his seventy-seventh birthday people asked him if they could take a picture of him. He agreed but when they took his picture, he stuck his tongue out instead of smiling. Also on his birthday he got a card from his friends who addressed their greetings to the President of the Olympia Group.On April 13, 1955, Alberts ab aneurysm ruptured and he was admitted to the Princeton Hospital. He did not want any heroic measures to keep him alive. In his hospital room he tried to figure out the problem that had stumped him for so long. When he finally figured out the answer he told the nurse. Unfortunately, because he said it in German, she did not understand. Albert Einstein died on April 18, 1978, at 115a.m.Albert did not mind people studying his brain, but did not want the results publicized. Still today his theories are being tested and proved all over the world. Because of all his fame from his theories, an artist named Robert Berks sculpted a bronze statue of Albert Einstein in 1978. The statue stands outside of the National Academy of Sciences in Washington D.C. holding a notepad saying his famous equation, E=mc.

Plastic Bags

Millions of disposable tensile bags are used and discarded in chapiter each year. A beached grey whale was found in West S finishtle in 2010 with 20 shaping bags in its stomach. Small pieces of plastic can absorb toxic pollutants like DDT and PCB. Scientists clear found that fish are ingesting these toxins when they ingest plastic, concentrating the chemicals in the food chain. There is a good chance that we also absorb these pollutants when we eat fish. The good news is, uppercaseians are taking action to protect the Sound. In 2009, Edmonds became the first city in the severalise to ban plastic bags.In 2011, six other(a) cities joined the effort. Bellingham, Mukilteo, Seattle, Bainbridge Island, Port Townsend, and Issaquah all banned the bag, significantly cutting down on the amount of plastic flowing into Puget Sound. Today, dozens more communities are considering correspondent legislation, including Olympia. Local bans suck in an immediate impact and are a great startbu t we cant stop until bags are banned statewide. When plastic bags are part of composite recyclables, they get caught in machinery, shutting down recycling operations.Responding to an Environment Washington Research & constitution Center survey, 70 share of Washington recycling companies want plastic bags out of the waste stream. Curbside recycling in some of Washingtons cities allows the inclusion of plastic bags in mixed recyclables but this actually causes problems in the recycling facilities. Over half(prenominal) of Washingtons recycling facilities do not even accept plastic bags. For those facilities, 83% reported that their recycling stream was contaminated with plastic bags and it was causing problems. When plastic bags pollute mixed recyclables, they get tangled in recyclers machinery, causing plants to shut down. slightly recycling plants in Washington estimate spending 20 to 30 percent of their labor costs removing plastic bags from their Puget Sound is an irreplace able treasure. It is central to Washingtons culture and our livelihood. Harbor seals play within our bays and thousands of salmon make their way through the Sound every year to spawn. Three endangered pods of occupant orcas visit the Sound on a regular basis. Seabirds congregate on our beaches and in our arbors, belting out their familiar cries. And beneath the waves, the seafloor The problem is not bound to Puget Sound. According to the United Nations Environment Programme, every square mile of ocean contains 46,000 pieces of floating plastic, on average. 4 About one thousand miles off the Washington coast, more than 100 million tons of plastic garbage has concentrated in an area known as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. 5 Churned by ocean currents, this toxic, plastic soup spans an area twice the size of Texas. 6 Within this area, plastic outweighs plankton by up to six times during veritable imes of the day. 7 machinery on the order of $1,000 per day. More than 70 percent of Washington recyclers want disposable plastic bags out of the waste system. China accepts more than half of all reclaimed plastic bags for recycling, and that number is rising. Plastic bag recycling plants in China expose workers to toxic fumes, create a haze that hangs all over villages, and pollute groundwater sources. Consumers bring their own bags in many parts of the world. Washington can follow this example and ban bags. Nothing we use for a hardly a(prenominal) minutes should end up contaminating our oceans for hundreds of years. Because recycling efforts have proven inadequate, Washingtons civic leaders should ban single-use plastic bags. Researchers at the University of Washington-Tacoma have found plastic pollution in every water sample they have taken from Puget Sound. At least 20 nations and 88 local governments have passed bans on distributing thin plastic or other types of disposable plastic bags, Approximately 26 nations and local communities have established fee programs to reduce plastic bag use and/or increase the use of reusable alternatives, After Washington, D. C. , mplemented a much smaller 5-cent tax on plastic bags, the number of plastic bags distributed by food retailers fell from 22. 5 million per month to 3. 3 million per month. Edmonds was the first city in Washington to ban plastic bags, adopting a ban in 2009. More recently, Bellingham adopted a ban on thin-plastic carry-home bags and a 5 cents fee on paper bags in July 2011. Other cities, including Seattle, Lake plant Park, and Mukilteo, are actively considering bag bans. To make a real impact, all Washington cities and counties should restrict the use of plastic bags, and dvocate for similar action at the state level Work Citation Krehbiel, Robb. Report Keep Plastic Out of Puget Sound. A Solution Not in the Bag. Environment Washington Research & Policy Center, Jan. 2012. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. Krehbiel, Robb. Report Keep Plastic Out of Puget Sound. Keeping Plastic out of Pu get Sound. Environment Washington Research & Policy Center, Nov. 2011. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. Krehbiel, Bobb. tenders Release. New Report Recycling Cannot Solve Plastic Bag Problem. Environment Washington Research & Policy Center, 14 Feb. 2011. Web. 25 Feb. 2013.

Critical Essay on ‘Follower’ Essay

A numbers which explores the problems of gro fly sure-enough(a) is the poem Follower by Seamus Heaney. This poem is some Heaneys childhood memories of his fix working on the farm ploughing the land. Heaney talks truly highly of his male parent and creates the impression of a very strong small-arm who was an expert at what he done and a man who was his sons hero. It also talks about how Heaney used to prolong his pop around as he worked and how he dreamed of growing up and ploughing like his dad. However, there is a twist at the fire of the poem and Heaney goes from talking about how he was an annoyance to his dad when he was younger but today his dad is the annoyance to him as he is now old.In the first stanza, Heaney talks about his set out and his work. He is talking very highly of his arrest and says, The horses strained at his clicking tongue This quote shows how his father was a man who was extremely good at his work as it shows how his father could control numero us strong farm animals perfectly and with ease ripe by clicking his tongue, a very hard thing to do using reasonable force never mind just by a simpleton gesture such of the click of his tongue. The range the reader gathers from this quote goes well with the flesh of a strong, well-built man that we get when Heaney writes,His shoulders globed like a full rag strungThese two quotes together give a very good impression of Heaneys dad. Together they give the impression that his dad was a very heroic figure to him and that he aspired to be like him. It gives the image of the perfect male, a strong, graceful man that was an expert at his profession and that was an idol to his son. However, these hero-like images of his father when he was younger are dismissed later on in the poem when Heaney writes about how his dad is no longer the big strong man that is an idol to younger males but the complete opposite, someone who is annoying and in the way of him rather than being someone who he looks up to, follows around and aspires to be. These arrogant quotes of the young strong man and the negative image created by the choke stanza go hand in hand to show the problems of growing older.The same mixture of appraisal of the negative points of growing older are continued in to the aid stanza when Heaney continues to talk about how his dad was so practically of an idol to him and how his dad was someone to be looked up to and to aspire to be like when he was younger and in his prime in this stanza. This time Heaney says,An expert. He would set the wingThis is a very powerful business enterprise. The short sentence of only two words to start off the stanza is very effective as it gives the impression that his father wasnt only very good at his job but he was an expert, he was the best. This is erst again showing how his father was so much of an idol to him and that he was a very respectable stereotypical perfect father when he was younger as it shows how good his fat her was at his job. The second part of the line shows that his father knew exactly what he was doing and gives us the impression that his father took his job very seriously and that he was very precise and unvoiced when doing anything in his job such as setting the wing. The humor of his dad being so good at his job and being able to do it with ease is continued when Heaney writes,The sod rolled over without breaking.At the headrig, with a single pluckThe quotes without breaking and with a single pluck reinforce the idea that his dad was an expert at his job as they show that he could do hard work with ease and that he knew exactly what he was doing and that he could do it perfectly if he could turn soil without it even breaking and control his animals with a single pluck. Once again it is the negative image of his father given in the last stanza as he is older that shows the negative effects of growing older as it is so different from the image you gather from the first two stanz as alone about how good his father was at his job and how strong his father was and how much of an idol his father was to him when he was younger.The image of his father being so strong and good at his job in his youth is continued throughout the next three stanzas. The idea of him being an expert and being someone to look up to who was strong and almost perfect is continued through the continued use of quotes such as,the diaphoresis teamThis shows that the work was not easy. If the team of strong farm horses that where doing the job were sweating and tired you could only imagine how much sweat and effort Heaneys father would have to put in to the work. It then continues to talk about his expertise in the job as it says things such as,Narrowed and angled at the ground,Mapping the furrow exactly.The first line shows how his father took his work very seriously and that he was very precise in what he done and that he made sure he done it to a good standard therefore he had to concentr ate greatly on what he was doing. The second line also reinstates the fact that he was an expert at his work as it shows how he mapped the furrow in his head and made sure it was exact once again showing that he took it very seriously and had pride in his work. Heaney then goes on to write,Sometimes he rode me on his backThis gives the impression that his father was the ultimate as he has talked about how hard his work was when he wrote about the sweating team and he was talked about how much effort and assiduity that he had to put in to his work but he says how he still even managed to carry his little son on his back bit he did all of this. Something that would make the work even more harder and longer and would make it harder to concentrate but he still did it. However, all these quotes can be compared to the last three or so lines that show the real problems of growing older. Althought he had listed all of these positive things and even said how he literally followed in his fa thers footsteps all day, he finishes of the poem by saying,But todayIt is my father who keeps stumblingBehind me, and will not go away.This really highlights the problem of growing older as it shows how people can just disregard someone when they get old regardless of what they thought of them when they were younger. Although Heaney had idolised his dad when he was young and cute to be exactly like him and used to stumble behind his father and annoy him, now that it is Heaney in the position of having his father stumbling behind him and relying on him, Heaney doesnt even want to eff him. This is actually quite a sad ending to the poem as it really does highlight the problems of growing older as it shows how it seems that once you are older and start relying on those younger than you who once relied in you they dont want to know you.So, as you can see, the author, Seamus Heaney has been very successful at exploring the problems of growing older in his poem Follower. Heaney does thi s by writing the vast majority of the poem about positive points about his dad when he was younger making him out to be a hero but then introducing a cruel twist in the last stanza about how even though he once idolised his dad and relied on him now that his dad relies on Heaney, he doesnt want to know him.

Assessing strategies to combat neighbourhood disputes (Anti-social behaviour)

Assessing st measuregies to combat livehood disputes (Anti-social behaviour) in deprived council estate areasA type study on the Isle of Dogs, in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. realize IssueThe Crime and Disorder Act, 1998, defines anti-social behaviour as behavingIn a manner that caused or was likely to cause harassment, alarm or distress to unitary or more than persons not of the same household as (the defendant).(Home Office (a) 2003)As this definition covers a wide range of crimes from prostitution, to having excessively higher(prenominal) school hedges1, I have decided to specifically focus on dwell disputes such as noise pollution, violent occurrences, and inconsiderate rubbish dumping and similar neighbour to neighbour disputes.The central issue of the dissertation provide be firstly, the evaluation of how well quatern researched strategies used to combat anti-social behaviour, all used in four case studies, actually combat and prevent anti-social neighbour disp utes.Secondly, how well those strategies would be placed to deal with neighbour disputes in the Isle of Dogs.Each strategy that has been researched has a relevant case study that illustrates precisely how that strategy works when deployed in practice.Each strategy impart be assessed in light of the relevant case study. Case studies have been used concerning anti-social neighbour disputes from the Isle of Dogs (East London), Blackburn, Manchester, and Scotland.The questions that this dissertation will be seeking to find out are* What are the most great and researched strategies that have been analysed, estimated, and used by academics and practitioners?* How useful are distributively of these strategies, and what are their strengths and what are their weaknesses?* To what extent, can each of these strategies be successfully applied to neighbour disputes inwardly the Isle of Dogs, with its own unique situation e.g. diverse ethnic population, and extreme poverty on the doorstep to a wealthy area (Canary Wharf)?* How high is the level of anti social behaviour at bottom the borough, relative to other London boroughs?* What is so different or peculiar about the Isle of Dogs?I will locate this central issue within the wider context of the causes of anti-social behaviour, and take into consideration the various dimensions of neighbour disputes. For example I will also consider the ripen and racial dimensions (Lucey & Reay 1999), and the sexual urge dimensions (Nixon & Hunter, 1999), of anti social behaviour and in break awayicular, neighbour disputes.METHODSummary of the academic research requiredThe aim of this project is to research, analyse, and evaluate the various arguments and strategies concerning the best method to combat anti-social behaviour with regards to neighbour disputes.There are three chief(prenominal) strategies or approaches to combat (anti-social) neighbour disputes that my research has spy1. Improving exclusion from certain areas (as ad vocated by the government). This would include laws making it easier for social landlords to exclude or kick out tenants from social housing at short notice. It could also include restriction orders whereby the accused is not allowed to come within a certain distance of the property or use certain phraseology in the presence, or audio range, of their neighbours as shown in one of the case studies I have researched (Home Office, 2003)2. It could also come in the mannequin of issuing curfew orders3.2. The snatch possible response is the Dundee Families project model (Hunter, 2003). This is similar to the 1970s method of rehabilitation through intensive social work and constant nurturing of offenders, as well as the nurturing of companionship stakeholders.3. The third approach is one of the Webster-Stratton programme as advocated by a senior lecturer at the Institute of Psychiatry Stephen Scott4. This is a kick upstairs teaching programme, similar to the rehabilitation method abov e, but involves working strictly with young children (below 10 years of age) and is based in a secure environment talking kids through a video presentation, and group discussions on how they should diffuse problematic situations when encountered upon.4. The fourth possible approach is the one advocated by the Office of the legate Prime Minister The new deal for Communities (NDC) approach whereby large sums of money, 800 million, is given to various neighbourhoods throughout the country for the regeneration of their local community. This could involve building a new park, refurbishing the local community hall, or creating a voluntary organisation aimed at cleaning up graffiti.Through my preliminary research in the form my annotated bibliography, I have discovered that there are widely contrasting views as to the causes of anti-social behaviour, and what strategies work in combating neighbour disputes and those that are a lot more contentious.Each of these strategies will be examine d in my dissertation and I externalize to analyse and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each of these strategies.For each strategy that I have researched I have also researched a corresponding case study that illustrates precisely how that strategy works in practice.With this in mind, I plan to test each strategy by examining the relevant case study against benchmark factors such as* How well would this strategy work in the Isle of Dogs?* Who are the main beneficiaries, and who are the main losers?* Is it practical? (e.g. cost effective and workable in todays political climate)* Does it pay attention to gender ethnic, or cultural, differences?* Does it build relations within the community as opposed to exclude sections of the community?Anti-social behaviour is comm further thought to occur in regions and areas where there is a high density of council houses, high levels of unemployment, and low levels of education opportunities (Home Office (b), 2003).However this assumption can be challenged, and the main aim of my research is to do precisely that, provide a fit yet provoking argument providing both sides of the argument to this debate.It could be argued that only by spending money in the regeneration (e.g. building new community facilities, installing double glazing windows, giving grants for local businesses etc) will people take pride in their communities and their housing and stop the anti-social behaviour (Home Office (d), 2003).However it could be argued that only by including those that commit anti-social behaviour crimes into society, would there be a decrease in the amount of neighbour disputes as opposed to excluding them from housing, facilities, benefits etc (Scott, 2001) & (Hunter, 2003).Alternatively it could be argued that only by some form exclusion can there be a settlement to anti-social neighbour disputes (Home Office (a), 2001.Data collectionI plan to research and investigate(a) Various academics think tanks, and the governments v iews on how to combat anti-social behaviour.(b) How these strategies are deployed on the ground by evaluating the case studies that I have selected.(c) Research earlier government funded anti-social behaviour projects and organisations, and evaluate these claims against the previously mentioned benchmarks such as* Practicalities such as cost, manpower, etc* How the people within the community viewed the project* Does it pay attention to gender ethnic, or cultural, differences?* Does it build relations within the community as opposed to exclude sections of the community?My information collection process will rely to a great extent upon case studies that I have obtained from various academic journals and government reports. Case studies will be taken from the Isle of Dogs in Tower Hamlets (Nixon & Hunter, 1999), from Scotland (Scott and Parkey, 1998), from nation-wide studies (Nixon & Hunter. 2001), and the British medical exam Journal (Scott, 2001), amongst others.I have refined my research sources to be more dependent on case studies and journal articles as opposed to other forms of data collection. This is because this specific dissertation is looking for detailed analyses of projects that have combated anti-social behaviour disputes, as opposed to general information, or the views of certain people.I have also devised a questionnaire that I will put forward to a representative sample of 50 Isle of Dogs residents. The questionnaire will not form a significant part of my research, as I will be relying heavily on the case studies. However the results of the questionnaires will be used to back up, or refute, the arguments that I will be presenting in my dissertation.The questions that I will put forward to interviewees are as followsQuestionnaire.What type of incidents would you describe as anti-social neighbour disputes?How enlarged an issue would you rate anti-social neighbour disputes within the Isle of Dogs on a scale of 1 10? (1 being not significant and 10 being an extremely big issue)Do you feel that the Isle of Dogs has an above national average level of anti-social neighbour disputes?What do you think is the best method to prevent neighbour disputes concerning adults?* penalize the parents after several warnings* Punish the parents immediately* Give the children extensive social worker attention* Put the child and parent through a psychologically designed training programme on how to behave.* Or other, or a combination of these. If so please explainHave you been involved in an anti-social neighbour dispute within the last five years?If yes, then ask?(b) Where you an offender or a recipient of the dispute?I will be inquire these questions to the interviewee on a one to one basis and will arrange these interviews by visiting the local Bengali cultural community centre, the local high street, the local caf, and visiting the local benefits agency (dole office).In addition to these sources I will also collect data from reliable websites such as regeneration and anti-social behaviour organisations* http//www.crimereduction.gov.uk* http//www.socialexclusionunit.gov.uk* http//www.odpm.gov.uk* http//www.london.gov.uk* http//www.lda.gov.uk* http//www.go-london.gov.uk (Government Office for London)* http//www.englishpartnerships.co.uk* http//www.bura.org.uk (British Urban Regeneration Association)* http//www.cabe.org.uk (Commission for Architecture and Built Environment)* http//www.civictrust.org.uk* http//www.coalfields-regen.org.uk (The Coalfields Regeneration Trust)* http//www.towerhamlets.gov.uk* http//www.cprregeneration.co.uk* http//www.dta.org.uk/index2.html (Development Trusts Association)* http//www.europa.eu.int* http//www.idea.gov.uk (Improvement and Development Agency)* http//www.renewal.net* http//www.urcs-online.co.uk (Urban Regeneration Companies (URCs))* http//bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/323/7306/194?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=1&author1=Stephen+Scott&andorexacttitle=and&ando rexacttitleabs=and&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1071092635458_16583&stored_search=&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&resourcetype=1,2,3,4,10

The Korean War: Tactics and Logistics

The Second field cont destroy officially ended in the year 1945. It was a devastating war that many hoped that it should be fitting to end all wars and for a change give the world a animate space, to be granted that actually elusive peace. Yet, perhaps those who wished for a world in harmony after World state of war II may deplete underestimated mankinds appetite of some leaders who wanted to be supreme rulers of the globe.So, five years after the guns were silenced in the Great orbit of war in Europe, another dangerous conflict is bre break throughg in Korea. Here, superstar can see a display of liaisons to come be start out Vietnam and Afghanistan argon bargeen future events.In the Korean contend the world became witness to what happens when superpowers decide to play chess. Unfortunately, this game is not vie the traditional way with wooden pieces and all.This succession the chessboard is the Korean Peninsula and the pieces are either the native Koreans or imported a s in soldiers coming in from all over the world. It is interesting to note that this is not a World War in the truest sense of the term, however the true players are global leaders who happened to confine their violent resolution in a specific location, Korea. The United States, Russia, sum and southeastern Korea, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and other Asian nations were participants in this war of attrition. The battle lines were drawn and it was named the 38th parallel. This allowed for a brusque bearing in a very confusing succession, hoping to give a little bit of clarity in a very agitating situation. tally to Carter Malkasian, It was the only when occasion in the Cold War when the legions forces of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC), the Soviet Union, and the USA (plus its Western allies) met in fight Thus, the Korean War was not merely a war fought between proxies of the major powers, analogous the latter conflicts in Vietnam or Afghanistan, but a to a great er extent than more significant conflagration (p. 7).This paper seeks to understand the Korean War. This can be d whiz by looking at a brief historic background before the war and the events that added fuel to the tension between two Korean governwork forcets. Since the Korean War like many conflicts is so complicated this remove focuses on tactics and logistics, and less on the historical figures that played a major role in this important period not only for Koreans but for Asians in particular and the world in general.Historical BackgroundThe Korean War was sometimes called the Forgotten War and this may be so because like Vietnam there are only a few sight who understand its significance. Yet an outpouring of books, articles and film in the last decade as salutary as an impressive memorial on Washington, DCs Mal (and the realization that) it would be practically im realistic to understand the Cold War have created a revival of interest on this subject (Sandler, p.1).The confli ct in this area of the world does not surprise the experts and the grizzled veterans of war. In fact the professional soldier can advantageously read the undercurrent of history and be able to predict what go out happen in the struggle for power and supremacy. This was eerily demo by a seemingly prophetic Commodore Matthew Perry when he spoke these words in the year 1856, a century before the Korean WarThe wad of America will, in some form or other, extend their dominion and their power upon the eastern shores of Asia. And I think too, that eastward and southward will her large(p) Russian rival The antagonistic exponents of freedom and absolutism must thus meet at last, and then will be fought that mighty battle on which the world will look with breathless interest for on its issue will depend the freedom or the slavery of the world (as cited in Huston, p. 200).It boggles the straits of the average person when analyzing as to how Commodore Perry was able to ascertain his cla ims. What is more amazing is the accuracy of his predictions. It is like looking in a crystal ball and comprehend very fall outly what will happen. And indeed what Perry prophesied came to pass. Russia became a superpower and however like what the Commodore had said, the Russian government exerted tremendous influence over China.And of course his final exam statement about the necessity of a crucial war that will showcase the fight for freedom as opposed to absolutism was alike played out just as he predicted. This can only mean that even before the first bullet crossed the 38th parallel, there are al flying forces at work even as far back as the late 19th century. Perry was able to read the signs and the saw the root cause of conflicts in this part of Asia. Yet it was only in the mid-fifties when the seed planted by those who wanted to control this region grew and blossomed into a passion that could only be satisfied with conquest.BlindsidedCommodore Perry was praised here beca use of his foresight, a very important talent that a general should possess. If only the leaders of the free world in the 1950s were as gifted, then things would have turned out differently. further as fate would have it, from the U.S. and UN side was able anticipate what is going to happen. Either they were blindsided by the Communists or they were preoccupied by their paranoia. And that paranoia is brought about by the fear of being overrun by a westward move by the Union Soviet Socialist Republic. Stanley Sandler remarked on this and he wroteA Soviet thrust into Western Europe seemed a far more threatening contingency than a possible dust-up between two unattractive regimes in a bleak former Japanese colony that more or less Americans could not find on a map. But Americans would become acquainted with Korea in a war that would turn out be the third bloodiest in their history and which for Koreans themselves would prove the greatest catastrophe in their national history (p. 2) .First BloodIt depends which side is asked. For the U.S. and UN Command, it was the North Koreans who drew first blood and labializeed without warning nor any form of declaration of war. It seems that history is tell itself once again for Americans just like in Pearl Harbor. But according to the communist- plunk for regime they were just retaliating from what the South has been doing for the past several months. The truth of the theme is that both sides were engaged in skirmishes that were serious advance to war.Sandler asserts that it was an, armed conflict between the Democratic Peoples Republic of North Korea and the Republic of South Korea, which had been conducting mutual marge raids for more than a year (p. 2).At any rate the U.S. led forces were caught by surprise that fateful day of June 25, 1950. Even if they will deny it, it is now clear that the North were prepared to launch an attack and the offensive move was purely intentional.BuildupKim Il Sung the de facto lead er of the newly ceremonious North Korean Regime began to make plans to invade South Korea. This plan was of course made in secret but nevertheless in conterminous coordination with Russias Stalin and Chinas Mao Tse-tung. According to Allan Millett the origin of this plan can be traced back to a change in the policy of Kim Il Sungs benefactor to communize the whole Korean Peninsula (p. 102). It seems that Russia is no longer contented with being kept in check by a ridiculous 38th parallel and would like very much to gobble the whole Korean Peninsula. The Soviets, however, came to realize that the goal of communizing the entire peninsula could not be achieved through such limited tactics, and decided to resort to more violent means (Millet, p. 102).In December of 1948 the Soviets made the first tactical move to befuddle the U.S. by withdrawing their troops unilaterally out of North Korea. Then the Russian government turned around and invited the top brass of North Korea and Chinas military for a buildup. Millet bared that the troika agreed to build up the strength of the North Korea Peoples the States (NKPA), around 6 shock divisions, 8 combat and 8 reserve divisions, and 2 armored divisions and to complete the war preparations within 18 months (i.e., by June 1950) (p. 103). The NKPA was able to do all of these like clockwork divine revelation a tremendous level of preparedness and dangerous intent.Level of PreparednessWhile the NKPA was psychologically and physically prepared to engage in battle the ROK (Republic of Korea) force though prepared for future skirmishes and for another round of border raids was not truly ready for a full scale war. The South was not ready to face an enemy dead set in gobbling them up and desiring to unite the whole peninsula once again.It took at least five days after the initial offensive of NKPA for the U.S. to make a coherent response. On June 30, US President Harry S. Truman authorized US ground forces to stop the North Ko rean attack (Boose, p. 4). This led to losses in the early rounds of the fighting and led Boose to comment, It was able to do little to delay the KPA, but additional forces were on the way (p. 4). diversion from differing interests and the reasonably defective intelligence from the Western nations or they would have known of an imminent attack there is the psychological reason for being unprepared. Sandler made a comment why it was unlikely for the Korean Peninsula to be plunged into such a bloody conflict. And he wroteIn looking back (before World War II) it would be difficult to imagine a more homogeneous and united nation than Korea. they are of the same culture with minor north-south variations throughout the peninsula, and the Korean language Hangul is universal. Korean cultural homogeneity can be illustrated in its place name, a source of confusion for non-Korean UN personnel throughout the war Inchon/Ichon, Masan/Musan, Paengnyong/Pyongyan/Pyonggang Pyongchang, Taejon/T aechon, Pukchong/Pukchang(p. 3).That and the eight-spoteen month level start is creating a great advantage for the NKPA. In the end this advantage would create a stalemate and would result in the present division of Korea and the unlooked-for survival of this communist state even though its patron the great USSR had long been dismantled.NKPA PreparednessThe North Korean and the communist forces were not only important and aggressive they were able to create a force enough to challenge U.S. and UN supremacy in the South. The book, Communist Logistics in the Korean War by Charles Shrader is an comminuted source in getting an in-depth look at what happened on the other side. Too many times the victors or the presumed victors in the case of the Korean War are all too willing to gloss over their mistakes and hype their successes. The focal point of this book is the refutation of the myths perpetuated by the Americans and UN forces that were then passed on to people back home and unf ortunately was taken in as gospel truth. Shrader asserts and this is quite a revelation unmatched of the more persistent myths of the Korean War is that North Korean and Chinese communist solders were able to subsist on a mere handful of rice per day obtained all their arms and ammunition from their enemies, and moved all supplies by animal cart or human porters. Although supply requirements of NKPA and CCF in Korea were amazingly low when compared to the requirements for equivalent UNC units, the Communist forces did generate unattackable requirements for formal supply and transport forward of tremendous quantities of food, petroleum products, weapons, and ammunition (p. 89).The U.S. and UN led coalition were more technically advanced but this is not the most important thing in any given war. It is the level of preparedness that is important. That level of preparedness can only be gauged in relation to the milieu where a battle will be waged. Lets say for example that forces are slugging it out in a heavy-forested area with a very steep incline. No matter how sophisticated the military jeeps are, this kind of technology will be rendered effective.In another example where the passageway in a body of water is narrow and shallow no matter how technologically advanced the frigates are it would be foolish to attack using this route since one sunken vessel can immobilize the whole fleet. In other words tactics and logistics are the most important aspects to consider and not just technology. This is the bone of contention in Shraders books the South Korean forces was wrong in thinking that they were technically superior. This led Shrader to remark thatNKPA-CCF logistical doctrines and methods were characterized by flexibleness and innovation, which allowed them to compensate for comparative lack of material resources and modern technology NKPA and CCF logistical organizations were equally flexible and often exhibited great variation in form, strength, and equipm ent of the assigned improvement units (p. 25).What contributed well to the high level of preparedness by the NKPA aside from the Soviet support of course is the broad range of natural resources present in North Korea. This includes water, power, timber, rare strategic materials e.g. tungsten, zinc, graphite reserves, substantial iron ore deposits, copper, lead, cobalt, asbestos, molybdenum, nickel, gold and silver (Shrader, p. 60). This resulted to an almost miraculous surge in North Koreas war time production of needed materiel that surpassed pre-1945 levels 1) 166,000 tons of pig iron 2) 144,000 tons of steel ingot and 3) 116,000 tons of finished steel (Shrader, p. 61).Summing it all up the major source of military materiel came via USSR which supplied the NKPA with aircraft, tanks, vehicles, communications equipment, heavy artillery, and ammunition. In addition to that, a portion of their needs were supplied by third country suppliers (Shrader, p. 60).Thus when the communist f orces launched the initial attack in June of 1950 their combined forces produced the following massive force in the eve of the attack135,000 men in two corps comprising eight full-strength infantry divisions, two half-strength infantry divisions, an armored brigade, an independent infantry regiment, a motorcycle reconnaissance regiment, and five brigades of the Bo An Dae, or Border Constabulary (Shrader, p. 90).What is more amazing is the development of the NKPA forces after the 1950s. After suffering setbacks from the retaliatory attacks of the UN command, the NKPA in the middle of 1951 the rebuild NKPA included 213,600 men in twenty-three infantry divisions, one mechanized division, one armored division, and two independent infantry brigades controlled by seven corps headquarters. NKPA strength peaked in October 1952 at around 266,000 men in eighteen divisions and six independent brigades (Shrader, p. 90).If this was not enough to give the South Koreans and its allies a full plate , the Chinese and the Soviets entered the fray in the pretext of helping a beleaguered brother-in-arms. The forces supplied by the Peoples Republic of China was more than enough to bring this regional level conflict into World War scale. The following data proves the serious intent of the communist blocBy late November 1950 some 300,000 Chines Communist troops were in Korea 180,000 in the six armies (eighteen divisions) of the XIIIth Army Group 120,000 in the three armies (twelve divisions) of the IXth Army Group on 1 July 1952, fify-one CCF divisions with some 540, 200 men manned the line across Korea from the west sailplaning to the central Taebaek Range and were supported by about 10,000 Soviet and Soviet-bloc advisors and technicians (Shrader, p.90).This is the extent of the level of North Koreas preparedness and a sample of their resolve to win this war.ROK PreparednessStanley Sandler in a few words was able to encapsulate the true state of South Koreas forces before the at tack by aspect that June 25, 1950 was a Sunday and that fully one-half of the ROK Army was on leave (p. 48).In the initial stage of the attack which was not at all done quietly and with any subtlety heavy bombardment, followed by a blitzkrieg attack of some 150 Soviet-built T-34-85, 110 warplanes and a crossing of the 38th couple by a rampaging Korean Peoples Army.Still there was an awfully delayed re process to the events at hand. Sandler explained the reason for such a tripping response due to the aforementioned soldiers who were on leave, the high number of civil leaders who were out of the country and the mistaken notion that what just occurred was another border raid.With regards to the presence of U.S. troops, Gordon Rottman lamented that fact that it was such in great shape a mere five years before the conflict and would have come skilful in a time like this. But Rottman revealed that the U.S. government intentionally reduced its military strength not only in Korea but a lso in the Far East. Rottman comments on the closest source for help which are the forces stationed in Japan and he wroteTank companies stationed in Japan had only M24 light tanks as Japanese roads and bridges could not support heavier M4A3 and M26 tanks. M24s were no match for North Korean T-34s, one of the best tanks to appear in World War II. The divisions in Japan also lacked their reconnaissance, military police, and replacement companies These divisions consisted of 12,500 to 13,600 troops rather than the full-strength 18,804 (p. 3).At first glance, South Korea does not stand a chance against the forces of Communism.Ironically, the same benefactor who gave NKPA a tactical and logistical advantage (USSR) became the source of their demise. Sensing that the North/South conflict is just a prelim for something bigger Russias enemies were banded together for a common cause, which is to prevent the USSR and Communism from expanding worldwide. This resulted in a pl beach of commitme nt to provide support in a scale reminiscent of Word War II. When the NKPA was not able to achieve total victory, this gave the U.S. and UN led coalition to regroup and pose a in good order defense of South Korea.Rottman expounded on this idea by saying thatThe Korean War was to be the UNs first commitment of armed forces to conduct and end a war the UN called on all member nations to support the military perspiration in Korea. Fifty-three countries approved of armed action against North Korea 15 committed ground combat forces, nine provided naval forces, six sent air force elements, and five contributed medical support, either military or civilian (p. 117).Bright SpotIn general there is nothing that U.S. armed forces could be proud of in the Korean War. There was really no clear victor, no territory was gained and as mentioned earlier it was the third bloodiest in the history of war where casualties are at a significant high.The only good thing that could be seen or learned from this incident is the demonstration of what bravery and commitment can do to an organization. Here one can also see the difference of opinion between a regular soldier in the U.S. Army as opposed to the brave and the few of the U.S. Marine Corp.Hugh Deane quoted Andrew Greer when describing the essence of being a marine, In any small unit battle the outstanding behavior of a few men is always discernible over the others The scale is tipped by a few by the ten percent who rise to the heights where the enemy and death can be met without a hesitant step (p. 97).British historian Max Hastings remarked, Most of the Eight Army fell apart as a fighting force in a spurt resembling the collapse of the French in 1940, the British in Singapore in 1942. But he reported the praiseworthy strong resistance of the U.S. Marines in the northeastern (as cited in Deane, p. 111).A particular example was raised by Deane when he commented on the enemys attack tactics that looked like suicide attempts characterized by sending small units that more often than not gets wiped out. This is followed by wave after wave of such small unit attacks against a selected point until a breakthrough is achieved and here comes the main force. This was effective in demoralizing troops. But according to Deane this would not work against the marines. but against the marines in the Northeast the results were often frustrating. The marines constructed potently fortified outposts in the hilly-forested Chosin area and defended them fiercely with a good deal of success (p. 129).ConclusionAlmost all wars are considered a waste of time, money, effort and lives of men. The Korean War was no exception. Considering the following statistics makes one shake hid head over the folly of warThe North Korean armed forces lost some 600,000 men in the fighting, in addition to two million civilian casualties. The Chinese an estimated 1 million casualties. Losses to the ROK are estimated at 70,000 killed, 150,000 w ounded and 80,000 captured. One million South Korean civilians were killed or injured. The USA lost 33,600 men kiled nad 103,200 wounded (Malkasian, p. 88).What adds insult to injury is the futility of not having a clear victor, no territories were gained and nothing significant was achieved except perhaps for a few lessons in the book of tactics. The level of preparedness of both camps explained the reason for the stalemate. The South Korea side was backed up by a technologically superior U.S. and UN led coalition but it was not mentally prepared to wage this war. Almost every action done on the part of South Korea was mostly reactionary and defensive. Most importantly, the United States was treading on thin ice since a miscalculation and overkill can easily escalate the regional conflict into a global war. With the Second World War fresh from peoples minds there is no incentive to go full force.Although the NKPA was well prepared and very much flexible in their serious bid to unit e the Korean Peninsula it does not have the technological edge to overpower the U.S. and UN forces. On a more important note, the attack on South Korea was a supposed to be a defensive act. Therefor the USSR could not be seen as fully involved and thus it can only work from the background.That sums up the futility of this exercise but nevertheless it is a good prelude to understand the Cold War and the other similar conflicts that came after it like Vietnam and Afghanistan.ReferencesDeane, H. (1999). The Korean War. San Francisco, CA China Books and Periodicals, Inc.Huston, J. A. (1988). Outposts and Allies U.S. Army Logistics in the Cold War. sunrise(prenominal) JerseyAssociated University Press.Malkasian, C. (2001). The Korean War. University Park, IL. Osprey Publishing.Shrader, C. (1995). Communist Logistics in the Korean War. Westport, CT GreenwoodPress.Millet, A. R. (1997). The Korean War. Seoul Korea Institute of Military History.Sandler, S. (1999). The Korean War No Victors, No Vanquished. Kentucky University ofKentucky Press.Rottman, G. (2002). Korean War Order of Battle. Westport, CT Praeger Publishers.

African American History Essay

Introduction The America that was on that point after the conclusion of the genteel press out of war is nothing like the America we recognize presently. Signifi chiffoniert events subscribe occurred since 1865 that bring forth determine our understanding of what America is today. Major industrialization and urbanization, equal rights for every citizens and the two study world wars that suck shaped our understanding of what America is today. objet dart, there are numerous events that have shaped America, there are few events that have served as markers of change for the entire society, particularly for the African Americans.From 1619 to 1865, a significant number of African American immigrated to the united States as slaves. Ever since the arrival of the for the first time African Americans in Point Comfort, reliablely known as Fort Monroe in Hampton, the African American residential area has made significant strides in the community. However, the major event that occas ioned this strikes transpired in 1865 the abolishment of slavery. This marked as a single major event that catapulted the African American society to where it is today. This article will examine the memorial of African American from 1865 to today.In 1865, the civil war between the north and south, or civil war as it is known came to an end. This was a time of great upheaval in the American society. The entire American society was attempting to fuse, and become part of the mating. The south had agreed to integrate and become part f the union (Feagin, 2014). The South had consented to join the union. In the same year, chairman Lincoln was assassinated. The conclusion of the civil War occasioned the rise of the period of reconstruction.This period was characterized by upheaval, and the AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY SINCE 1865 3 country attempted to incorporate itself, and excessively integrate the southern. This was a period of new beginning for the entire nation (Gates, 2012). The Constitution thirteenth amendment was ratified, abolishing slavery in the United States of America. This phase is edged in history as one of the about imperative event in the African Americans history (Feagin, 2014).During the era of reconstruction, which lasted from 1865 to 1876, significant events occurred that shaped the lives of African Americans. The African Americans begun the process of reintegration, and they found themselves with a dust that they were not used to.This period was not just a period of reintegration for the light people, but rather for the entire nation (Feagin, 2014). During this time, it was particularly ch each(prenominal)enging to the African Americans because they were attempting to integrate to a society that was heavily biased against them. During the reconstruction period, there was little political and social agreement, especially over the issues of who should be permitted to vote (Gates, 2012). There were disagreements as to whether confederates, ex-slaves or those slaves that fought during the war should be allowed to vote.The death of President Lincoln and the establishment of new administration under President Andrew Johnson made the process of reintegration more complex for African Americans (Feagin, 2014). In 1866, legislation known as the Black Codes was overwhelmingly passed by every sinlessness legislator of the former confederate States. The black codes greatly hampered the ability of African Americans to be reintegrated into the society (Gates, 2012). During that same year, the recounting passed the Civil rights act, which conferred citizenship rights to all African Americans, and giving those equal rights and liberties as to those of the white-American people (Feagin, 2014).The fourteenth amendment was ratified, in 1868, which delimitate citizenship for the African Americans, and also which overturned the Dred Scot decision (Gates, 2012). The 14th amendment strengthened the civil and legal rights of the Africa n Americans, elucidating among other things, AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY SINCE 1865 4 that no state in the union shall deprive whatever African Americans their due process in law and the equal egiss provided in the law (Feagin, 2014).The 14th amendment ensured, to some extent that the African Americans civil rights were protected. The 14th Amendment reversed the United States Supreme Court judgment in Dred Scott v. Sanford, which rulight-emitting diode that African Americans were not truly United States citizens (Feagin, 2014). The 14th amendment had several profound impacts on the lives of African Americans. First off, the amendment integrated African Americans into the society, by overruling the previous ruling that African Americans were not truly American citizens (Gates, 2012).Secondly, the 14th amendment prohibited the national and state governments from depriving any person, including African Americans, liberty, life and property without due big bucks and process as estab lished in law. By guarding the civil liberties and rights of African Americans, the law inflicted a penalty, which entailed the passage of electoral votes and the loss of congressional seats, on states that dispossessed African Americans of their voting rights. Thirdly, the 14th amendment guaranteed all Americans, heedless of their racial affiliations protection under the law (Feagin, 2014).This clause serves an essential foundation for the decision to repeal the ruling in Brown v. Board of Education that overturned sequestration. The fifteenth amendment was ratified in 1870, which gave African Americans voting rights. As the third and final amendment to be ratified in the reconstruction period, the 15th amendment forbids the national and state governments from refusing a citizen the voting rights based on that citizens color, race or servitude (Feagin, 2014). The adoption of the 15th amendments was greeted with ample celebrations in African American communities and other aboli tionist societies.The sense among African Americans is that their rights had been offered protected and secured. The adoption of the 15th Amendment completed a series of civil change, and it was one of the most significant events African American diachronic events. The 15th amendment meant AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY SINCE 1865 5 that the African American communities did not require the protection they were world offered by the government (Feagin, 2014). Towards the end of the reconstruction era, the south recognized that it would no longer be conceivable to hold on the perspective of recreating itself out of the North.In spite of this, there was still slack tensions between the North and South (Feagin, 2014). Although equal rights were granted to African Americans, they did not fully enjoy them. While African Americans enjoyed expanded freedoms, it would not be till nearly a hundred years later, during the Civil rights lawsuit that the entire fruits of reconstruction would be seen . The period of reconstruction ended in 1877, during which, a deal was struck with Democratic leaders from the south, to make Rutherford B. Hayes the U. S president, in exchange for the withdrawal of national troops from the south, and which stops the efforts to protect the Civil liberties of African Americans.In the period after the reconstruction era, rapid industrialization followed. During this period, African Americans on the south started escaping to the North to run away from oppression (Gates, 2012). In 1879, thousands of African Americans go to the north. In the industrialization period, rapid industrialization and development ensued in big cities in the United States. Construction of railroads spread crossways the country. Railroads encouraged the growth and expansion of cities (Gates, 2012).Many Africa Americans migrated to the cities to work in the affect and production companies. In 1881, Tennessee ratified the first of the Jim vaunt segregation rules, which segr egated stated railroads. Over the side by side(p) 15 years, similar laws were passed throughout the southern States. The segregation laws caused African Americans to migrate to the northern States (Gates, 2012). The Jim Crow segregation laws conferred a separate but equal status to all African Americans. In practice, the separation led to circumstances for African Americans that were second-rate to those offered to white Americans.AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY SINCE 1865 6 systematizing several of economic, facts of lifeal and socials di no-accountvantages. The southern states had De jure while de facto applied in the northern states (Feagin, 2014). The Jim Crow segregation laws inflicted segregation in housing, which was enforce by covenants, job discrimination, and loan lending discrimination in banks, and also African Americans were also discriminated in labor unions (Gates, 2012).During the industrialization era, companies came up across various cities. African Americans were increa singly becoming urbanized, and left their farms and homesteads, and moved to big cities to get jobs. In 1887, the standing Lincoln statue was unveiled at Augustus Saint gardens in cabbage (Feagin, 2014). The Plessey v. Ferguson case was a milestone ruling in the United States.The Supreme Court of the United States command that Jim Crows separate but equal segregation policies to be legal, and begin being implemented. These laws forbid African Americans from equal access in all public facilities. The 1900s marked the rise of civil rights movement across the United States. In 1954, the court in Brown v.Board of education case, ruled that segregation in education facilities to be unconstitutional and this measure strike down segregation in education facilities (Feagin, 2014). In 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested in Montgomery Alabama, for refusing to give up her seat to a white man. Her defiance offered the start of a momentum to the civil rights movement that spread across the United States. She was not the first black person to refuse to wake up for a white person, but by the time of her action, there was growing resentment and anger in the African American society for being treated as second-class citizens.Word went around about Montgomery mistreatment and arrest (Feagin, 2014). The Womens policy-making Council resolved to protest Rosa Parks ill-treatment by arranging a transportbar boycott to start on the day of Parks trial, December 5th. Martin Luther King Jr. and the African American community established an association, the MIA (Montgomery Improvement Association) to carry on boycotting until the AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY SINCE 1865 7 Jim Crow segregation laws were altered (Feagin, 2014). The key objective was to stop segregation in the public transport system and other sections of the society, and also to employ black drivers in Montgomery.The public unrest ensured for 382 days, costing the Montgomery bus company he sums of money, however the city decli ned to give in (Feagin, 2014). The Montgomery protest leaders filed a national lawsuit in opposition to the citys segregation rules, claiming that Montgomery desecrated the 14th Amendment. In 1956, a national court stated that the Montgomery segregation rules were unlawful, but lawyers for Montgomery County appealed. On November 3rd, 1956 the Supreme Court ruled that the segregation laws in Montgomery were illegal.During the protest, the Montgomery authorities made umteen arrests (Feagin, 2014). At one time, the police detained a group of African Americans waiting for carpool pick-ups. A court jury acknowledged the boycott unlawful, and 115 protest leaders were detained. In 1957, Martin Luther King, Jr. established the Southern Christian Leadership conference, which served as the forefront engine of the civil rights movement. The conference served as the main council for organizing civil rights protests across United States. The civil right movements were against discrimination of any kind and the fair treatment of all people, careless(predicate) of their color across United States.The civil right movement characterized main campaigns and protests of civil resistance (Feagin, 2014). The civil rights movements lasted between 1955 and 1968. The civil rights movements were characterized by civil disobedience and non-violent protests. In 1964, the civil rights act was ratified, and it prohibited all acts of discrimination. In 1965, The Voting Rights Act was ratified, and it outlaws the carried out in the South to disenfranchise black voters. In 1967, the first African American senator, Edward W. Brooke, was elected, and he served for two terms (Feagin, 2014). Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated in Tennessee, which was one of the sad moments in African American AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY SINCE 1865 8 history.The election of Barack Obama served as a significant milestone for United States, particularly the African American community. President Barack Obama was elected the first African-American president, in 2008. Presidents Barack Obamas election served as one of the most significant milestone for the African Americans community (Feagin, 2014). A racial drainage area that was there between the African Americans and white Americans was erased, and it was erased for all eternity.President Barack Obama was elected for a second term in office, which signaled the apparent rise of the African American community to the top (Feagin, 2014). In his second term in office, President Barack Obama has shown that there are things that seem more possible for the African Americans, than they were in his first term. He has made African Americans realize that they can achieve anything if they want to, and made their expectations realistic. Conclusion From the shackles of slavery in the 1800s, the African American community has go up to take full advantage of their civil liberties and freedoms. For over 300 years, African Americans fought for their civi l rights and freedom.The African Americans struggles have been a major issue in each juncture of United States history. In 1776, when slave-holders were revolting in opposition to the menace of British abolitionism, the African Americans formed part of the American Revolution. During the civil war, the African Americans were also part of the struggles. African Americans have endured as much as any other community and have fought for the rights and liberties of all people in the community.From the attainment of freedom, and the struggle to get equal rights and civil liberties, the election of Barack Obama as the first African- American President, the African American community can gladly say that the racial divide between the Blacks and white Americans has been completely erased. AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY SINCE 1865 9 References Feagin, J. R. (2014). Racist America Roots, current realities, and future reparations. London Routledge. Gates, H. L. (2012). The Oxford Handbook of African A merican Citizenship, 1865-present. London, UK Oxford University Press.