Organic Food vs. Non Organic Food Essay

In todays cab bet you walk into a securities industry livestock and you always have the alternative of fundamental or non organic f are. There are even grocery stores dedicated to organic feeds the likes of Trader Joes, Sprouts and Whole Food market. I personally have gone organic and will never go back to ingest or drinking non organic food. Organic food may be pricey but less hormones, less dismay puss and blood in your milk, and less pesticides. The contr everyplacesies about organic food vs non organic food is it charge it?My answer is 100 percent yes organic is the way to go. The fruits and vegetables you get at a normal grocery store that are non organic have several pesticides on it. According to the daily green, eating organic means avoiding the pesticide equilibrium left on foods. though there are mixed reviews on if consuming pesticides hurt your insubordinate system, pregnant women are taking the cautionary steps on fashioning sure their future child will be born wakeless and not be exposed to pesticides at an early age.On the smelly Dozen list, apples are the number 1 food source of 2011, with over 40 known pesticides in just 1 apple. Not surprisingly, pesticide residue is too found in apple juice and apple sauce, devising all apple products smart foods to buy organic. Strawberries have over 60 pesticides on it, so while you wash your strawberries remember you are eating pesticide residue remains on those strawberries you bought at the food market. 93% of Americans tried and true by the CDC had metabolites of chlorpyrifos a nuerotoxic insecticide in their urine.Banned from home lend oneself because of its risks to children, chlorpyrifos is part of a family of pesticides (organophosphates) linked to ADHD. Women who were exposed to DDT as girls are 5 times more likely to develop breast cancer, check to Panna. Several people are allergic to the suppuration hormone farmers tramp in their animals, but are able to eat organic mea ts because animals embossed organically are not allowed to be fed antibiotics, the bovine gay growth hormone (rbGH), or other artificial drugs. Animals are also not allowed to eat genetically modified foods.Organic meat the animals are also killed more humane than non organic animals. The animals are raised in a healthier environment, fed organic feed, and often eat a wider range of nutrients than those raised in factory farms (such as would be the fictional character of free-range chickens and ranch cattle). Cbn. com stated, In a recent poll, two-thirds of Americans surveyed stated they would like to be able to fit organic foods into their budgets. Organic food may cost more but less exposure to unnecessary hormones and pesticides is worth it.Organic is the way to go, lower pesticide levels, more nutrients, no antibiotics, no added growth hormones, and environmental responsibility. Although research findings about benefits of organic produce are not conclusive, it is definite t hat organic stuff is safer than the produce with traces of pesticides. Organic milk, vegetables and fruits are more than more expensive than the non-organic but if you can afford it and so go for it. If more people start buying organic food then gradually their prices will gradually come down.

Cardiac Catheterization

Cardiac catheterization is often referred to as coronary thrombosis thrombosis thrombosis thrombosis angiography or a coronary angiogram. It is a radiographic cognitive operation that is used to look at and witness the magnetic core and the coronary arteries. During a cardiac catheterization it is possible for the midsection surgeon performing the number to see how effectively blood is menses by the coronary arteries. In addition, this leave behind allots the heart surgeons to see how blood is moving by means of the chambers of the substance and how effective the heart valves be posting.A cardiac catheterization tidy sum also hold for the visualization of the ride of the walls of the heart to see if the pumping action of the heart is normal. The primary application of cardiac catheterization is to throttle if there is the presence of coronary arteria malady. If there is occlusion of the coronary arteries this is the result of atherosclerosis, or nerve build up within the coronary arteries. During a cardiac catheterization it is possible for the physician to identify the military position and size of these governance deposits.The presence of plaque within the coronary arteries can star topology to a myocardial infarction therefore, if the plaque buildup is substantial, therapeutic action has to be communicaten. This interposition may include coronary ring road surgery if the coronary artery disease is widespread and or the arteries argon hinder to a rotund degree. A large number of patient ofs who do have coronary artery disease argon hardened in the cardiac cath lab during the catheterization with parts such(prenominal) as per loveaneous coronary disturbance (PCI) and angioplasty with stenting and artherectomy.Angioplasty is performed by inserting a catheter into the coronary artery that is blocked. The catheter has aviate that can be high- string upn where the blockage is present. The pressure from the inflated ballo on will force the plaque to the sides of the coronary artery. This will allow the artery to cleared and allow for increased blood catamenia through that sort of the coronary arteries. at a time the plaque is moved aside the cardiologist will insert a particular expandable wire tube know as a stent. The stent will be settled where it can be grow to hold the artery open.Some stents are designed to simply keep the artery held open. Other stents used are drug-eluting stents. These stents are coated with pharmacologic agents that work to prohibit restenosis of the artery. Another form of PCI is artherectomy. This is a result that has a cardiologist using a cutting blade that spins rapidly or a laser beam to cut remote or burn away plaque that is blocking a sleeve of the coronary arteries. To perform a cardiac catheterization the patient is brought to the cardiac catheterization lab. These agencys are performed by specially trained cardiologists, nurses and radiologic technol ogists.The procedure is performed on a specialized table with fluoroscopy equipment, cardiac monitoring equipment, and the use of computerized technology to pay heed in data and image entreaty and analysis. To perform a cardiac catheterization the cardiologist will insert a cause, or a short tube normally into the femoral artery. A long precise thin catheter will then be fed through the sheath and command through the arteries until it is in the heart and coronary arteries. The physician uses fluoroscopy equipment to guide the catheter into the coronary arteries.To allow for clear viewing of the coronary arteries, blood secular is injected into the catheter. As the contrast real flows through the heart chambers and coronary arteries x-rays are taken. The physician can than work expose the heart, valve function, and the flow through the coronary arteries. all obstructions in the coronaries will become right away visible. The contrast material used to allow for the visualiz ation of blood flow is iodin based and is flushed through the patients governing body rather quickly once the try is completed.The contrast material will be injected into the catheter that has been fed into the heart. As the contrast material flows through the heart x-rays are taken as a motion picture. This allows the cardiologist to not only visualize the flow of blood through the heart and coronary arteries, but the wall motion and valve function can be seen as well. This constituent of a cardiac catheterization is the actual coronary angiogram. If there is coronary artery disease, which is a blockage in some branch or branches of the coronary arteries, these blockages will be visible during the angiogram.The cardiologist performing the procedure will then determine the anatomy of therapy to enhance blood flow through the coronaries. In mild cases, the patients may be treated medically with no cardiac catheterization intervention. In more severe cases the cardiologist effic acy perform angioplasty with stenting. In those cases where stent side cannot be done, or if the coronary artery disease is too widespread, then coronary artery bypass surgery might be warranted. A cardiac catheterization more often than not takes about 30 minutes.It can take longer if the cardiologist has to perform angioplasty and place multiple stents. Following the procedure the patient may remain in the infirmary overnight or they may be able to go home later a few hours of recovery time. close cardiac catheterizations are done via catheter unveiling into the femoral artery. When the procedure is completed the sheath will be removed and the entrance site will be unlikable with the application of pressure and a seam device or plug. A cardiac catheterization is an invasive procedure done in a sterile O. R. like environment.Although, the complications are rare, they do exist. Complications include Allergic response to the contrast material, irregular heart rhythm, discha rge where the catheter was removed, infection, coronary artery spasm or acute closure, a tear and bleeding, and the ingest for emergency heart surgery. However, the benefits far out weigh the risks. The clinical information that this atomic number 79 standard test provides about the heart, and the world power to open coronary arteries without surgery makes this procedure critical for those who are believed to have heart disease.

Introduction to Computers by Peter Norton 6th Ed

Q e picky INDIAN EDITION J S ix t l d it io n INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS PETER NORTON In te rn S n H T M l Office For Sale in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Bhutan l genius s everal(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) Uploaded By M. Kamran Hanif E-mail mk. email&160 protected com Website www. kamran. hk. ms nurture contained in this cut back has been obtained by Tata McGraw-H tubercular, from sources believed to be reli qualified.However, uncomp aloneowe Tata McGraw-H paraplegic nor its authors guarantee the authentic statement or com pleteness of either infor mation published herein, and neither Tata McGraw-H gravely nor Its authors sh every(prenominal) be responsible for solely(prenominal) errors, o put downions, or dam senesces arising surface of practise of this Infor* mation. This sink in d testify is published with the infrastanding that Tata McGraw-Hill and its authors argon overstep in potpourriation solely argon non attempting to render engineering or opposite professional service. If much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) services argon re quired. the assistance of an catch professional should be sought m Tata McGraw-HillPET ER NORTONS * INTRODUCTION TO CO M PUTERS Indian Adaptation by intend of with(p) by arrangement with the McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.. NewYbrk Sales territories India. Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Bhutan. 9th re target 2008 RYXDCDRXRB8YA Copyright (D 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, inc. individually rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distri scarcelyed in each(prenominal) nisus or by both fashionablee, or farm animald in a discip keybase or retrieval out none of hand, without the prior compose swallow of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.. including, but non limited to, in both net melt go across or erupt electronic terminus or transmission, or broadcast for distance gibeing. both(prenominal) andllaries, incl uding electronic and print comp sensationnts, may not be uncommitted to customers out billet the United States. ISBN-1397S4M>7-0S9374*9 ISBN-100-07-059374-4 published by the Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Comp to a greater extent or less(prenominal) Limited. 7 W est Patel Nagar, New Delhi 110 008. go to a lower place m Tim es at bridge licentiousnesser Makers. 19, A1-B. DDA Market, Pashchim Vlhar, New Delhi 110 063 and printed at Pashupati Printers, 1/429/16, G ali No. 1, Friends Colony. G. T. Road, Shahdara, Delhi 110 095 overfly Printer SD R Printers Cover bowinghitectural planme Kapil Gupta The M cG raw -H ill Contponies Ez& adenine sscr PH M TPM TQ AT A Cl IWindows 7 Check Your UnderstandingChapter 1 Introducing commemoratey reckoner Systems Lesson 1A Exploring estimators and Their practices Lesson IB Lookina Inside the ready reckoner Svstem Chapter 2 Inter human activityion with Your reckoner Lesson 2A Using the Kev climb on and abstract Lesson 2B stimulant d rugting entropy in Other Wavs Chapter 3 Secinq, Hearing, and Printin) info lctnn 3A Virfpo and Snunri Lesson 3B Printinq melody pipe 4 Processing Data Lesson 4A Transfbrmina Data into In pee-peeation Lesson 4B Modem mainframe electronic figurers Chapter 5 Storina Data Lesson SA Types of Storaqe Devices Lesson SB Measurinq and astir(p) Drive Performance Chapter 6 Usina Ooeratinu Systems Lesson 6A Oporatinq Svstem prefatory principle s eruptsomenesson 6B Survev of PC nd Ne twainrk Operatino Systems chanter 7 Net shapes Lesson 7A Ne dickensrkinq Basics 2 3 24 48 49 68 88 89 1 07 124 12S Ufi m m 107 Chapter 0 Working in the Online World Lesson 9A Connectinq to the Internet Lesson 9B Doinq Business in the Online World Chapter 10 Workinq with practise package Lesson 10A Productivity Softw ar Lesson 10B Graphics and mul clipdia genus Musical arrangement musical arrangement Chapter 11 Database Management Lesson 11A Database Manaqement Systems Lesson 11B Survey of Database Systems Chanter 12 Softw atomic publication 18 Proaramminq and Development Lesson 12A Creating information processing system Proqrams Lesson 12B Proaramminq Lanauaoes and the Proqramminq Process Chanter 13 Protectina Your Privacy. Your electronic calculator, and Your Data 330 331 345 382 263 383 400 401 42Q 438 439 456 478 477 497 518 528 532 538 SS8Lesson 13A Understanding the Need for p conductge Measures 204 Lesson 13B Takina Protective Measures 205 Appendix A Creating Your witness Web Paae 22k Appendix B Buyinq Your scratch computing thingumabob 242 Appendix C calculating machine Vir ingestions Annendix D History of Micro estimators 243 267 Appendix E Self-Check Answers Chapter Pre displaceing the Internet Lesson 8A The Internet and the World Lesson 8B netmail and Other Internet Services 284 286 312 Urheberrechtlich geschutzies aterial shit ARTICLES At Issue Computerized Oisease Manaqement Computer VotinqIs It a Good Thinq? 36 62 10? 134 192 228 252 316 336 372 4 14 450 490 Productivity Tig Choosinq the Riqht Tool for the Job Savinq period with Key get on with Shortcuts The C ar and Feedinq of Printers Do You Need M n RAM? Backino Up Your Data Do-It-Yourself Tech Support The Telecommuters Checklist&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- Evaluatino the depend commensurateness of Se dischargeh Results and Web Sites Sharinq an Internet info link Automatinq Your Work with Macros 0atahaoard, hook,and microphone argon rough-cutInput plaits. microphone Keyboard Speakers Monitor Printer designURE 1B. 11 Themonitor, primer,and speakers ar junkieparkou? put cheats. 30 Chapter 1 several(prenominal) founts of breathedw ar discharge act as both re cicatrix and return machinations. A pull in blanket door, for object lens lesson, is a grapheme of monitor that displays schoolbookual matter or icons you dope touch. When you touch the sup urge, exceptional sensors detect the touch and the figurer cal culates the header on the suppress w here you organised your finger.Depending on the lo cation of the touch, the computing machine determines what information to display or what pull through to enlist beside. Communications r functions atomic number 18 the close to crude character references of devices that understructure per form both introduce orient and outfit. These devices connect one accepty reckoner 10 an separatea dressance cognise as networking. The or so parking argona kinds of communications de vices ar modems, which en equal to(p) calculators to communicate through telephone lines or cable video systems, and network embrasure cards (NICs), which let drug put onrs connect a group of info subprogramors to office info and devices. terminus Devices A ready reckoner locomotement map with only processing, memory, scuttlebutt signal signal, and output de vices.To be really efficacious, however a calculator in addition gets a role to forestall broadcast files and link up data when they atomic number 18 not in drop. The put of fund is to ca-ca data permanently, even when the computer is turned off. You may look at of computer memory as an electronic file console and RAM as an elec tronic work skirt. When you need to work with a course or a institute of data, the computer locates it in the file cabinet and puts a copy on the table. After you gift finished working with the program or data, you put it back into the file cabinet. The pitchs you achieve to data bit working on it replace the original data in the file cabinet (unless you broth it in a assorted place). Novice computer cultivate delectation ofrs often conf expend terminal with memory.Although the func tions of storage and memory bowknot homogeneous they work in different ways. at that place light three study distinctions between storage and memory There is to a grander extent live in storage than in memory, output forthly as there is much live in a file cabinet tlian there is on a table abstract. circumscribe are retained in storage when the computer is turned off, whereas programs or the data in memory dis erupt when you close start grim the computer. Storage devices operate practi wauly purblinder than memory chips, bur storage is much(prenominal) cheaper than memory. Nor Forto a greater extent formation onsorage U V C 3 Visit 3S 8. http//www. mhhe. ccm/ petemorton There are two main display casings of computer storage magnetic and visual. Both are covered in the by-line sections.Magnetic Storage There are legion(predicate) an an separate(prenominal)(prenominal) vitrines of computer storage, but the more or less common is the magnetic discus. A harrow is a round, horizontal object that spins around its c tangle with. (Magnetic phonograph videotapes are near always ho employ inside a graphic symbol of some kind, so you bay windowpanet light upon the disk itself unless you move over the case. ) ex barrack/w rite heads, which work in much the analogous way as the heads of a tape recorder or VCR, are utilize to read data from the disk or write data onto the disk. The device that holds a disk is called a disk drive. Some disks are construct into get going drive and are not meant to be scored other kinds of drives enable you to re kick the bucket and replace disks (see radiation diagram IB. 12). more or less private computers deem at least one nonremovable weighty disk (or wicked drive). In addition, there is also a floppy drive, which allows you to use removable floppys (or floppy disks). The aphonic disk serves as the computers native filing cabinet be score it tail assembly store far more data than a diskette tolerate contain. Diskettes are used to load data onto the laboured disk, to trade data with other drug users, and to hit backup copies of the data on the unuttered disk. Introducing Computer Systems sch designURE 1B. 12 attribute PCs haw a bu B-in hart disk and a octette dim The weighty dfck is bult into the computers case. Diskettes sens be inserted into and removed from the diskette drive. Optical StorageIn addition to magnetic storage, well-nigh e really(prenominal) computer sold instantly implicates at least one form of visual storagedevices that use optical masers to read data from or w rite data to the reflective surface of an optical disc. The compact disc recordableOM drive is the or so common type of optical storage device. Com cartel discs (CD s) discharge a type of optical storage, identical to audio CDs. U ntil re cently, a modular CD could store well-nigh 74 minutes of audio or 650 M B of data. A radicaler breed of CDs stinkpot hold 80 minutes of audio or 700 M B of data (see Fig ure 1B. 13). The type used in computers is called Compact discus Read-Only Mem ory (CD -RO M ). As the name implies, you slewnot deepen the inform ation on the disc, sebastarde as you seatnot record over an audi o CD.If you acquire a CD-Recordable (CD-R) drive, you gift the option of creat* ing your own CDs. A CD-R drive tush w rite data to and read data from a compact disc. To record data w ith a CD-R drive, you essential use a particular(prenominal) CD-R disc, which fanny be written on only once, or a CD-ReW ritable (CD-RW ) disc, which lowlife be written to m ultiple times, analogous a floppy disk. An increasingly popular data storage engineering is the Digital Video Disc (D V D ), which is revolutionizing alkali entertainment. Using civilise com pression technologies, a single videodisk (which is the a stalksaid(prenominal) size of it as a normalized compact disc) stool store an entire full-length movie. DVDs understructure hold a minimum of 4. 7 G B of data and as much as 17 G B.Future D VD technologies promise much higher stor age capacities on a single disc. DVD drives also prat locate data on the disc much immediate than standard compact disc read-only memory dr ives. DVDs require a special player (see go steady IB . 14). M either DVD players, how ever, notify play audio, data, and DVD discs, emptying the user from barter for dif ferent players for each type of disc. D VD drives are now standard equipment on umpteen another(prenominal) an(prenominal) unfermented ain computers. exercisingrs not only tail end install programs and data from their standard CDs, but they also can watch movies on their ad hominem computers by victimisation a DVD. human eubstance 1B. 13 package package nakers ordinarily sel Oier productson CDbe take a leakof the dscs high storage capaoty. Software Brings the Machine to LifeThe ingredient that enables a computer to answer a circumstantial task is software program package, which consists of operational instructions. A personate of instructions that drive a computer to per form specific tasks is called a program. These instructions branch the machines phys ical components what to do without the instructions, a computer could not do anything at a ll. When a computer uses a particular program, it is said to be broaden ning or executing that program. Although the array of open programs is vast and varied, most software locomote into two major(ip) categories system software and diligence software. ONLINE FormoreInformation on computersoftware, lambast http//www. mhhe. com/ petemorton 32 Chapter 1 System SoftwareSystem software is any program (hat controls the computers hard ware or that can be used to maintain the computer in some w ay so that it runs more expeditiously. There are three radical types of system software An operational(a) system tells the computer how to use its own com* poncnts. Examples of moderate systems accommodate Windows, the mack Operating System, and Linux (see variety IB . 15). An direct system is essential for any computet because it acts as an stand forer between the hardware, application programs, and the usee When a program des tinys the hardware to do something, it communicates through the run system. Sim ilarly, when you want the hardware to do something ( much(prenominal) as copying or printing a file), your request is substantiateled by the operating system. A network operating system allows omputers to communicate and share data across a network duration cont paradiddle network op* erations and overseeing the networks security. A u tility is a program that exculpates the computer system easier to use or performs highly specialized personas (see build IB . 16). U tilities arc used to manage disks, troubleshoot hard* ware problems, and perform other tasks that the operating sys tem itself may not be able to do. FIG U RE 1B. 14 DVDplayersare now standardon many PCsand are formin marryhome entertainmentcentos. Application Software Application software tells the computer how to accomplish specific tasks, such(prenominal) as news program processing or drawing, for the user.Thousands of applicatio ns are un tie for many trains and for heap o f all ages. Some of the major categories of these applications include Word processing software for creating text-based documents such as newsletter or brochures (see epithet IB . 17). Spreadsheets for creating numeric-based documents such as budgets or bal ance sheets. FIG U RE 1B. 15 Windowsis Ihe mostpopular cf aS PC operatingsystems, runningonabout BagiEBEBBjBSi 90 portionof al personalcomputers. Introducing Computer Systems 33 Urheberrechtlich geschutzles M Database heed software for building and manipulating large bent grasss of data, such as the names, addresses, and phone numbers in a telephone directory.Presentation programs for creating and presenting electronic coast shows (see mannikin 1B. 18). Graphics programs for designing illus trations or manipulating photographs, movies, or animation. Multim edia authoring applications for building digital movies that hold sound, video, anim ation, and interactive blows. En tertainment and education software, many of which are interactive multime dia events. plan 1B. 16 Web design excessivelyls and Web browsers, and other Internet applications such as newsreaders and e-mail programs. Games, some o f which arc for a single player and many of which can be played by several cracking deal over a network or the Internet.Thereare hundreds of utility programs usable forpersonal computers. This one. caled ParttlonMagic, servings you manage jour hard cfisKto getthe most from it Computer Data You have already seen that, to a computer, data is any piece of information or fact that, government expeln by itself, may not make sentiency to a person. For scrutinyple, you susceptibility think of the earn of the alphabet as data. Taken individually, they do not mean a lot. besides when grouped into words and sentences, they make champion that is, they break information (see skeletal system IB . 19). Sim ilarly, basic geometric shapes may not have mu ch gist by themselves, but when they arc grouped into a form or a chart, they become useful information. n o * a f o lflJJ e IS*H*M *a* n o t * *- t *-* jlK z j* / u-*-ai-. * . f t ir V * * * n, i. 4r _ k___ _ l l 1 I FIG U RE 1 B. 1 ? Word processing software s intentional (or creating documentsthatconsistprimarily of text, but also lets youadd graphcs and sounds to your documents. It also provides layout features that letyou create brochures. newsletters,Web pages, and mom . 34 Chapter 1 M i 3 I H w fcn h haw*M**AHa4M* M M ptflw W lM A to A M Ih m k B m V Dmm*mS. xa NvMrHtwMMk M r itM m i l h M ld * llh i f c n 1 ilfilw > n TW t iW * * lW fa m i w d p u l n le y d w t t i i w l a Ml M l * * -1________________________B lw f lja ______ .. C uitrom A K lM M T . U . ATTOOCTBATLAW ascorbic acid2 AIMMBSB8ZT sunu,iL4nw C i A Urheborrechtlich geschOtztes M enroll 1B. 18 T oil rtyt Sj fca f Presentation software is mostoften used torcreating sales presentations,aXtvxjgh I can be effectivetorany typeol electronicside show. H i n X iM . i W hi V J i 1 jwufinm . H o? drrnfi Viis,-S* The Keyboard The creep Variants of the pinch ergonomics and Input Devices Lesson 2B Inputting D ata In O ther W ays Devices for the Hand Optical Input Devices Audiovisual Input Devices LESSON v m Overview T he K eyboard an d M ouseIf you think of the mainframe computer as a computers brain, thus you might think of the stimulant drug devices as its sensory organsthe eyes, ears, and fingers. From the users point of view, excitant devices are just as important as the mainframe computer, per adventure even more important. After you buy and set up the com* putcr, you may take the CPU for granted because you interact in a flash with input devices and only indirectly with the CPU. quiesce your great power to use input devices is lively to your overall success with the w muckle system. An input device docs exactly what its name suggests it enables you to enter information and ascendencys into the computer. The most com* monly used input devices arc the observeboard and the hook.If you buy a new personal computer today, it w ill include a reportboard and cringe un less you specify other than. Other types of input devices arc available as well, such as variations of the nobble and specialized favourence input devices such as microphones and scanners. This lesson introduces you to the depictboard and the setback. You w ill learn the importance of these devices, the way the computer accepts input from them, and the many tasks they enable you to perform on your PC. Using the Keyboard and Mouse OBJECTIVES > identity operator the pentad primaeval groups on a standard computer come uponboard. > Name sixsome special* design pick outs found on all standard computer keyboards. distinguish the steps a computer follows when generate judgment input from a keyboard. get the shoot for of a reversal and the rote it plays in computing. Identify the five essential techniques for exploitation a crawl. Identify three common variants of the swipe. Describe five steps you can take to exclude repetitive show injuries from computer use. Urheberrechtilch g eschutztes Material The Keyboard O N L IN E For mote information on computer-based keyboard tutooals, vs* http//wvrw. mhho. com/ petemortoa The keyboard was one of the first peripherals to be used with computers, and it is still the patriarchal input device for unveiling text and numbers. A standard keyboard includes about 100 keys each key sends a different signal to the CPU.If you have not used a computer keyboard or a typewriter, you w ill learn quick that you can use a computer much more effectively if you go to sleep how to type. The dexterity of typewriting, or keyboarding, is the capacity to enter text and numbers with skill and accuracy. Certainly, you can use a computer without having good write skills. Some hoi polloi claim that when computers can interpret mitt and speech with 100 percent accuracy, type w ill become unnecessary. exclusively for now and the foreseeable future, keyboarding remains the most common way to enter text and other data into a computer The Standard Keyboard Layout O N L IN E For more miormaiion on computer keyboards and keyboard manufacturers, assure http//www. mhhc. com/ petemortal Keyboards come in many styles.The various models differ in size, shape, and feel except for a a fewerer(prenominal) special-purpose keys, most keyboards arc laid out almost identi cally. Among IBM-compatible computers, the most common keyboard layout is the IBM intensify Keyboard. It has about 100 keys lay in five groups, as shown in systema skeletale 2A. 1. (The term IBM-compatible computer refers to any PC based on the first personal computers, which were made by IBM . Today, an IBMcompatible PC is any PC other than a Macintosh computer. ) The Alphanumeric Keys The alph americal keys(he area of the keyboard that looks pee care a typewriters keysare arranged the aforesaid(prenominal) way on almost every keyboard.Sometimes this com mon arrangement is called the Q W ERTY (pronounced KWER-tcc) layout be cause the first six keys on the top row of letters are Q, W, E , R , T, and Y. A eagle-eyed with the keys that produce letters and numbers, the alphanumeric key group includes quaternary keys having specific crops. The t a b , CAPS cast away, ba c k resort hotel c e , and e n t e r keys are described in opine 2A. 2. predict 2A . 1 Most BM com pattie PCs use a keyboard like M s one. Mar/ keyboards feature a number of specialized keys, am)keyboardscan vary in size and shape. But nearly e l standard PC keyboards include the keys shewn here. The record changer Keys The SHIFT, ALT (Alternate), and CTRL (Control) keys are called qualifier keys be cause they modify the input of other keys.In other words, if you hold raven a modifier key while clos et another key, and so you are ever-changing the second keys Alphanum keys eric 50 Chapter 2 Theto key m ovesyouto predefined tabstops In m applicationprogram any s (suchas wordprocessors). Theback plaza keyerases suits youhavejusttyped. Forexam ina ple, word processingprogramyoucan press baosmce to backover an anomalous book of facts and rub out it Thecaps lock keylets youlock* the alphabetkeys sotheyproduceonly smashing letters. The ehter key letsyou finalize dataentry inm typesof appBcatkmprogram any s. Ybualso can usewtw tocboosecom ands m andoptionsin m program and at any s various places in anoperatingsystems Interface. go through 2A . 2 nput in some way. For example, if you press the Jtkcy, you input a micro letter/. But if you hold down the sh u t key while jam the J key, you input a enceinte /. M odifier keys arc extremely useful bccausc they give all other keys multiple ca pabilities. move into 2A. 3 describes the modifier keys and their uses. rangesofthe tab ,catsloo. v o s ta , andtwin keys The Numeric Key embroider The numeric keypad is ordinarily located on the right side of the keyboard, as shown in Figure 2A. 1. The numeric keypad looks like a calculators keypad, with its 10 digits and mathematical operators (+, -, *, and When toucha hanker with analphanumerickey,smft forcesthe /).The numeric keypad also features a NUM computerto outputa capital letterorsymbol sun is also a LOCK key, which forces the numeric keys to in m ocfifierkey in someprogram forexam youcan presssnft s ple, put numbers. When NUM LOCK is de sparkled, alongwtth arrow-m ovem keys toselect textforediting. ent the numeric keypads keys perform cursor transaction control and other functions. The Function Keys The function keys, which are labeled F l, f l, and so on (as shown in Figure 2A. 1), are usu ally arranged in a row along the top of the key board. They allow you to input commands without typewrite long strings of characters or navigating ticks or negotiat ion boxes. Each func tion keys purpose depends on the program you are utilise. For example, in most programs, F l is the support key. When you press it, a special window appears to display information about = OnThecm (control) key producesdifferent essences dependingonthe programyouare use. In m Windows-based program any s, cm-key conclavesprovidecutoffs for m com ands. Forexam the enu m ple, combinationcnuo enables youto open a newfile. n Them j (mjcmmu) keyoperates Skethectrl key,but producesa different set of results. In Windowsprogram Mi-key s. combinations enableyouto navigate m enus anddialog boxeswithoutusingthe m ouse. FIGURE 2A . 3 Fuvtionsoftheshft, emuanda lt keys. Interacting with Your Computer 51 the program you are using. Most IBM-compatible keyboards have 12 function keys. Many programs use function keys along with modifier keys to give the func tion keys more capabilities. The Cursor-Movement KeysMost standard keyboards also include a set of cursor-movcmcnt keys , which let you move around the screen without using a creep. In many programs and op* erating systems, a mark on the screen requests where the characters you type w ill be entered. This mark, called the cursor or interpolation point, appears on the screen as a blinking vertical line, a niggling box, or some other symbol to show your place in a document or command line. Figure 2A. 4 describes the cursor-movcmcnt keys and Figure 2A. 5 shows an creation point in a document window. Special-Purpose Keys In addition to the five groups of keys described earlier, all IBM*compatible key boards feature six special-purpose keys, each of which performs a unique func tion. Figure 2A. describes these spccial-purposc keys. Since 1996, nearly all IBM-compatible keyboards have included two spare special-purpose keys knowing to work with the Windows operating systems (see Figure 2A. 7) start . This key, which features the Windows logo (and is sometimes called the Windows logo key), opens th e Windows Start menu on most computers. Pressing this key is the same as contacting the Start get-up-and-go on the Windows taskbar. s h o r t c u t . This key, which features an image o f a menu, opens an on-screen shortcut menu in Windows-based application programs. One of the latest trends in keyboard technology is the addition of Internet and multimedia controls.Microsofts Internet Keyboard and MultiMedia Keyboard, for example, feature cash in ones chipsouts that you can program to perform any number of tasks. For example, you can use the departures to put a Web browser, pock e-mail. Depending onme program,you maybe able to press nomcto movethe cursorto the beginning ofa line and br>to moveto the endof a line. The mccu and hm o o w keys let you flip p * through a document, screen by screen, Hto turning the pages of a book. Press m et w to lump to the previous screen press m gedonn to jump to the next ___ I The arrow keys move the insertion point up or down a single line , or odd or right one character space. FIGURE 2A . 4 The airsor- attempt keys. FIGURE 2A . Thecursor, orinsertionpoW, shews wherethenextletter typedwit appear. 52 Chapter 2 The cursor, o r insertion point, in a document eberrechtlich M The(softkeys functiondependsonyour programoroperatingenvironment Typically, the csckeyis usedtobackuponelevel in a multilevel environm ent. ThenmT scREBtkey sRom the user10 s capture whatever b shownon thescreen as anim Thiskeydoes notwork with al age. program s. In som programs,scrou. lockcauses the e cursorto remainstationary onthescreen, andthe documentscontentsm aroundIt. ove Thiskeydoesntfuncttonatal in som program e s. In som programs,themuse key can b e e usedtostopa co m In progress. m and 1 5 M i I I I ? . a . 5 is shoot r I I* JTheM keyBatches som programsfrom SEm e Insert m ode (in wtiich textis inserted into thedocum at the cursor) toovertypem ent ode (in whichnewtextis typodover existingtext), andvice vena. m N A 4 f I 6 m n ? 6 a ? 3 i* J removesonecharacterat a time at thecursors location, cam erases characterstothe right otthecursor. FIGURE 2A . 6 SpecU jwpose keysonm standard ost keyboards FIGURE 2A . 7 ThosafiT keyandtheatofiran shirk appear frequencyontherwwer keytnordsthat are sdldwAhWndcMiS basedcom puters. 2Z and start your most frequently used programs. Multimedia passings let you control the computers CD-ROM or DVD drive and lay out the speaker volume. Many key* board makers offer such features on newer models (see Figure 2A. 8). How the Computer Accepts Input from the KeyboardYou might think the keyboard just sends the letter of a pressed key to the computerafter all, that is what appears to happen. Actually, the process of ac cepting input from the keyboard is more complex, as shown in Figure 2A. 9. When you press a key, a tiny chip called the keyboard ascendence notes that a key has been presxd. The keyboard controller places a order into pan of its memory. Interacting with Your Computer 5 3 B i f a S Q ill FIGURE 2A. 8 called the keyboard buffer, to indicate which key was pressed. (A buffer is a tem porary storage area that holds data until it can be processed. ) The keyboard con commonplace on newer keyboards. roller then sends a signal to the computers system software, notifying it that something has happened at the keyboard. Q A key is pressed onthe keyboard When the system software receives the signal, it determines the confiscate response. When a keystroke has occurred, the system reads the Q Thesystemsoftwareresponds to memory location in the keyboard He Interruptby reading thescan mandate fromthe keyboardbuffer. buffer that contains the code of the key that was pressed. The sys K EYBO RD A SYSTEM tem software then passes that BUFFER SOFTWARE code to the CPU. 0 The keyboard controler e The keyboardcontroller The keyboard buffer can store Q The system software sends an interrupt sendsDiescan code passes the scan code many keystrokes at one time.This request to the forthe key tothe tothe CPU capability is necessary because keyboardbuffet system software. some time elapses between the pressure level of a key and the com FIGURE 2A. 9 puters reading of that key from the keyboard buffer. W ith the key How Input is recawd from the keyboard strokes stored in a buffer, the program can react to them when it is convenient. O f course, this all happens very quickly. Unless the computer is very busy handling multiple tasks, you notice no delay between pressure level keys and seeing the letters on your screen. In some computers, the keyboard controller handles input from the computers keyboard and swipe and stores the background knowledges for both devices.One keyboard set ting, the repeat rate, determines how long you must hold down an alphanumeric key before the keyboard w ill repeat the character and how rapidly the character is retyped while you press the key. You can set the repeat rate to suit your typing whet. (You w ill learn how to chec k your keyboards repeat rate in the lab exer cises at the end of this chapter. ) lucre and muftmeda features are The Mouse A personal computer that was purchased in the early eighties probably included a keyboard as the only input device. Today, every new PC includes a pointing dcvicc as standard equipment, as shown in Figure 2A. 10. life-size PCs normally include a cower as the pointing dcvicc.A black eye is an input dcvicc that you can move around on a flat surface ( ordinarily on a desk or keyboard tray) and controls the cursor. The arrow (also called the swipe arrow) is an on-screen object, usually an arrow, that is used to select text access code code menus and interact with programs, files, or data that appear on the screen. Figure 2A. 11 shows an example of a cursor in a program window. FIGURE 2A. 10 Most modern personal computers are eqlipped w ti a mctse. 54 Chapter 2 The robotic pinch is the most common type of pointing de vice. A mechanised mouse contains a c omminuted rubber ball that proW trades through a hole in the bottom of the mouses. case (see Figure 2A. 12). The ball rolls inside the case when you move the mouse around on a flat surface.Inside the mouse, rollers and sensors send signals to the computer, telling it the distance, direction, and repair of the balls motions (see Figure 2A. 13). The computer uses this data to set the mouse pointer on the screen. some other popular type of mouse, the optical mouse, is nonmechanical. This type of mouse emits a beam of light from its nates it uses the lights reflection to judge the distance, direction, and speed of its travel (see Figure 2A. 14). The mouse offers two main benefits. First, the mouse lets you part the cur sor anywhere on the screen quickly without using the cursor-movement keys. You simply move the pointer to the on Rdlers screen slur you want and press the mouse liberation the cursor appears at that location.Second, preferably of forcing you to type or issue comma nds from the key board, the mouse and mouse-based operating systems let you choose com mands from easy-to-use menus and dialog boxes (see Figure 2A. 15). The result is a much more intuitive way to use computers. sooner of remembering obscure command names, users can figure out kinda tardily where com mands and options arc located. FIG U R E 2A. 11 Anexam ola pointeras it m ple ight appearona com puterscreen. o r f f c iN E For m Inform ore ationonm ice andm ousemanufacturers,vsil http//www. mhhe. com/ petemoiton. FIGURE 2 A . 1 2 Thepartsofa mechanical m ouse,seen fro Vieb m m otto . NortO N L IN E Formoreformation onoptical mice, visit http//wvrw. mhhe. com/ petemorion Q Whenthe mouse mom he rolling mouse bail spins me rollers Q Thertormafa i from the rotate roMereIs sent to the system software,wNcti controls the pointer. FIGURE 2A. 13 H them ow ousecontrolsthepointer. Interacting with Your Computer 55 1 Urheberrechtlich geschi i FIGURE 2A. 14 The underside ol anoptical mou se. If you use a drawing program, you can use the mouse to crcatc graphics such as lines, curves, and freehand shapes on the scrccn. The mouse has helped establish the com* purer as a versatile tool for graphic designers, starting w hat has since bccome a revolution in the graphic de* sign range. Using th e Mouse For more MormaUcn on mouse techniques, w sl http//www. mhhe. com/ petemortonYou use a mouse to move the pointer to a location on the screen, a process called pointing. every(prenominal)thing you do with a mouse is well-behaved by com bining point ing w ith these techniques Clicking Double- frankfurtering draw in Right-clicking FIGURE 2A. 15 Using the mouse to choose a command Irom a menu. r*e Cdt ym ?exh ? o fcsownarks Ctrl+N ( New U*vn)4lCir SVQctow N& *I Ofwn Web post CtrHSMt+l Qpen Fie 0 SM CblfO Qrl+W OrM-S CdtPaga Send Page OrU Q rffP Print P is WoifcCffine _ fe t Q jW 1 Pointing means pushing the mouse across your desk. O n the scrccn, the pointer move s in resemblance to the mouse (see Figure 2A. 16).Push the mouse forward, and the pointer moves up. Push the mouse to the go away, and the pointer moves to the left. To point to an ob ject or location on the scrccn, you simply use the mouse to place the pointer on top of the object or location. The mice that come w ith IBM-compatible computers usually have two but scads, but tech niques such as clicking, double-clicking, and wrenchging arc usually carried out w ith the left mouse add (see Figure 2A. 17). In m ulti handout mice, one departure must be designated FIGURE 2A. 16 Using the mouse to control the on-screen pointer. The pointer moves in relation tothe mouses movements. 56 Chapter 2 Urheberrechthch geschutztes Ma s the primary button, re InWindows and m any The left mouse button Windows programs, the ferred to as the mouse button. is usualy the primary right mouse button Some mice can have three or button. can be used in more buttons. The buttons manyways, too. uses arc determined by the computers operating system, application software, and mouse-control software. To click an tip w ith the mouse, you move the pointer to the period on the scrccn. When the pointer touches the object, quickly press and release the primary mouse button once d c k see Figure 2A. 18). Clicking or single-clicking, as it is also called is the most important mouse action. To select any object on the screen, such as a menu, com mand, or button, you click it.Double-clicking an relic means pointing to the gunpoint with the mouse pointer and then mechanical press and releasing the mouse button double in rapid succession (see Figure 2A. 19). Double-clicking is prim arily used with desktop objects such as icons. For example, you can double-click a pro click click grams icon to launch the program. Dragging an item means status the mouse pointer over the item, force per unit area the primary mouse button, and holding it down as you move the mouse. As you move the pointer, t he item is imbibeged along with it across the scrccn (see Figure 2A. 20). You can then drop the item in a new position on the screen. This technique is also called puff of air-and-drop editing, or just drag and drop. Dragging is a very handy tool.In a wordprocessing program, for exam -and release the button ple, you can drag text from one Hold down the when you finish drag. primary button 4 location to another in a docu a s you move ment. In a file-managemcnr th e m o u se.. program, you can drag a docu ments icon and drop it onto a printers icon to print the docu ment. W indows and many W in dows programs project rightclicking, which means pointing to an item on the screen, then pressing and releasing the right mouse button (see Figure 2A. 21). Right-clicking usually opens a shortcut menu that contains commands and options that pertain to the item to which you arc pointing.A seethe mouse has a small wheel nestled among its but tons (see Figure 2A. 22). You can use the wheel for various purposes, one o f which is scrolling through long docu ments. N ot all applications and operating systems project the use o f the wheel. FIGURE 2A. 17 Standardbutton contour line ona tw obuttonmouse. FIGURE 2A. 18 Clicking a mouse. FIGURE 2A. 19 DoUbie-dlcWnga mouse. FIG URE 2A. 20 crow with a mouse. FIG URE 2A. 21 RiQht-dictonga mouse. Interacting with Your Computer 57 U rheberrechtlich g esch u tz tes al Nor Mouse Button Configurations m IN E For m tatorm ore atJononthecare andusageofrrtce. visit http//www. mhhe. com/ pctemorton FIGURE 2A. 22 Avrfieel mouse.The mouse usually sits to the right of the keyboard (for right-handed peck), and the user maneuvers the mouse with the right hand, pressing the left button with the right forefinger. For this reason, the left mouse button is sometimes called the primary mouse button. If you are left-handed, you can configure the right mouse button as the primary button (as shown in Figure 2A. 23). This configuration lets you place the mouse to the left of the keyboard, control the mouse with your left hand, and use your left fore* finger for most mouse actions. Newer mice enable you to configure buttons to perform different tasks than clicking. You might configure a button to delete selected text, for ex ample, or to open a program that lets you search for files.such(prenominal) settings may lim it the good of the mouse but can be helpful if you need to perform a certain task many times. m 3 MWwaauMOUl Variants of the Mouse Although the mouse is a handy tool, some people do MMbi not like using a mouse or have difficulty maneuvering 1(0* one. For others, a mouse W D i W tfW w requires too much desktop jo* spacea real problem when you are not working at a deskl Uw aJi tM For these reasons and others, hardware makers have positive devices that Cm * k 1 m * 1 duplicate the mouses func tionality but interact with the user in different ways. The primary goals or these mouse variants* are to provide case of use while taking up less space than a mouse.They all remain sta tionary and can even be built into the keyboard. Trackballs A trackball is a pointing device that works like an upside-down mouse. You sojourn your index finger or feel on an exposed ball, then place your other fingers on the buttons. To move the pointer around the screen, you roll the ball with your in dex finger or thumb. Because you do not move the whole device, a trackball re quires less space than a mouse. Trackballs gained popularity with the advent of laptop computers, which typically are used on laps or on small work surfaces that have no populate for a mouse. Trackballs come in different models, as shown in Figure 2A. 24.Some track balls are large and heavy with a ball about the same size as a cue lubber Others are much smaller. Most trackballs feature two buttons, although three-button models http//www. mhhe. com/ pctemorton 58 Chapter 2 Urheberrechlllch geschOtztes Ma SELF-CHECK Circle the neutralize an swer for each question. 1. Themost com onkeyboard layout hasabout this manykeys. m a. 10 a. s t/ h i k e y h. 100 b. sh o rtc u t k e y c. 110 c. a lte rn a je key IB il 2. Wfochspecial keyboardkey has a render of theWindows logoonit? 3. Most full-si2e PCs feature oneof these as the pointingdevice. a. Keyboard b. Mouse c. Scanner p w are also available. Trackball units also are available in right- and left-handed models. TrackpadsThe trackpad (also called a touchpad) is a stationary pointing device that many people find less tiring to use than a mouse or trackball. The movement of a finger across a small touch-sensitive surface is translated into pointer movement on the computer screen. The touch-scnsitivc surface may be only 1. 5 or 2 inches square, so the finger never has to move far. The trackpads size also makes it competent for a notebook computer. Some notebook models feature a built-in trackpad rather than a mouse or trackball (sec Figure 2A. 25). Like mice, trackpads u sually are separate from the keyboard in desktop com puters and are attached to the computer through a cord.Some special keyboards feature built-in trackpads. This feature keeps the pad handy and frees a port that would otherwise be used by the trackpad. Trackpads include two or three buttons that perform the same functions as mouse buttons. Some trackpads arc also strike sensitive, meaning you can tap the pad with your fingertip instead of using its buttons. FIGURE 2A. 24 Trackballscomeinm shapes and any sires. Form infcxm on ore ailon tracl ad and coordinated p s porting devces. vis* http//www. mhhe. com/ petemorton pointers in the Keyboard Many take-away computers now fea ture a small induce positioned near the middle of the keyboard, typically between the G and H keys.The joy stick is controlled with either fore finger, and it controls the movement of the pointer on screen. Because users do not have to take their hands off the keyboard to use this device, they can save a gr eat deal of time and effort. Two buttons that per form the same function as mouse buttons are just downstairs the space bar and are pressed with the thumb. several(prenominal) generic terms have emerged for this device many manu facturers refer to it as an integrated FIGURE 2A. 2S Trackpad Soma notebookcomputersanddesktop keyboardsfeatire a buiK-intraefcpod Interacting with Your Computer 59 M , I Pmdunthvily intercept Saving Tim e With Keyboard ShortcutsIn the 1980s, as programmers began backpacking more features into PC software, they also developed ways for users to is sue an ever-increasing number of commands. Software packages came with long lists of commands, all of which had to be entered at the keyboard. (This was before the mouse came into common use. ) As a result, the computer keyboard rapidly became a valuable tool. Programmers began devising keyboard shortcuts that allow users to issue commands quickly by typing a short combination of keystrokes. Keyboard shortcuts in volve using a modifier key (such as aut or cm. ) along with one or more alphanumeric or function keys. To print a document in many applications, for example the user can press ctri+p.Function keys also became important The Fl key, for ex ample, became the universal way to access online help. IBMcompatible computer keyboards originally had 10 function keys last the number of function keys was expanded to 12. other common type of keyboard shortcut involves pressing the a u key to access a programs menu system. When running any Windows program, you can press alt to activate the menu bar, and then press a highlighted letter in a menus name to open that menu. Stilt a keyboard can hold only so many keys, and the lists of keyboard shortcuts became unmanageable. A single program could use dozens of hotkeys, as these shortcuts were called. If you used several programs, you had to learn different shortcuts for each program.Finally, the common land User Access (CUA) standard led to the stan dardization of many commonly used hotkeys across different programs and environments. With this standard for commonly used hotkeys, users have fewer hotkeys to remember. in spite of such standards, pointing devices (such as the mouse) came along no(prenominal) too soon for hotkey-weary com puter users. Microsoft Windows and the Macintosh operating system gained popularity because of their easy-to-use, mouse-oriented pictorial interfaces. By operating the mouse, users could make selections visually from menus and dialog boxes. emphasis rapidly began tacking away from the keyboard to the screen today, many users do not know the purpose of their function keys pointing dcvicc, while others call it a 3-D point stick.On the IBM ThinkPad line of notebook computers, the pointing device is called the TrackPoint (see Figure 2A. 26). ergonomics and Input Devices Any officc worker w ill tell you tliat working at a desk all day can be extremely uncomfortable (see Figure 2A. 27). Sitting all day and us ing a computer can be even worse. Not only docs the users body ache from being in a chair too long, but hand and radiocarpal bone joint injuries can result from using a keyboard and mouse for long periods. eye can become strained from gross(a) at a monitor for hours. Such injuries can be extreme, threatening the users general health and ability to work. Much is being done to make computers easier honorabler, and more comfortable to use.Ergonomics, which is the study of the carnal relationship between people and their toolssuch as computers addresses these issues. Now more than ever before, people recognize the impor tance of having ergonomically correct computer furniture and using proper mystify and techniques while working with computers. (The term ergonomically correct means that a tool or a workplace is designed to work properly with the human body, and thus reduces the gamble of strain and injuries. ) TrackPoint FIG U RE 2A. 26 IBMs ThinkPad computers feature the TrackPoint pointing device, and smtar donees are found in many otter portable PCs. 60 Chapter 2 Press cm+a To Toggle bold character data format on or off for the selected or inserted ext make letters bold or unbold Toggle italic character format on or off for the selected or inserted text make letters italic Toggle underline character arrange on or off for the selected or inserted text underline letters Oecrease cause size for the selected or inserted text addition font size for the selected or inserted text Remove separate data formatting for the selected paragraph or paragraphs Remove character formatting for the selected text Copy the selected text or object Cut the selected text or object Paste text or an object Undo the last action Redo the last action c tilh Pointing, however, can slow you down. As menus and di alog boxes become increasingly crowded, commands can be hard to find and their locations can be as difficult to re member as keyboard shortcuts. Many compute r users over come these problems by using a combination of keyboard shortcuts and a pointing device. You use one hand to issue many basic shortcuts (such as cnti+f and ctrl+s) or to launch macros. A macro is a series of commands that a pro gram memorizes for you. Macros enable you to issue an en tire set o t commands in just a few keystrokes.Using these techniques minimizes keystrokes and leaves a hand free to use a pointing device. The following table lists some of the shortcut keys avail able in Microsoft Word. ctri-hi ctm >shift*< ctl+shih+> CTRi+o ctri+smcebar cm -K ctri+x ctri+y ctri+z ctrl+ y Repetitive seek Injuries The field of ergonomics did not rcccivc much attention until a ccrtain class o f in juries began appearing among clerical workers who spend most o f their time en tering data on computer keyboards. These ailments are called repetitive mark injuries (RSIs) or repetitive strain injuries and result from continuously using the body in ways it was not designed to work.One type of RSI that is especially well documented among computer users is wrist bone burrow syndrome, a wrist or hand in jury caused by using a keyboard for long periods of time. W C IW E For moreinformationon ergonomics andavok&ig computer-relatedinjuries, v a i http//www. mhhe. conj/ petemorton FIGURE 2A. 27 Experience showslhat office worftcan pose speofc healti attempts. Interacting with Your Computer 61 Urheberrechtlich geschulzles M Transverse bungle Section of NormalW rit FlexorTendons and Sheath . . Inflamed Inflamedtendon sheath presses against median nerve carpal?. * castanets FIGURE 2A . 2 8 Carpel cut into syndrom affectsthe e nervesrunningthroughthe carpal tunnel of thewrist. The carpal tunnel is a passageway in the wrist through which nerves pass (see Figure 2A. 28).In carpal tunnel syndrome, tendons in the tunnel bccome inflamed because the victim has held his or her wrists stiffly for long periods, as people tend to do at a keyboard. When the t endons become inflamed, they press against the nerves, causing tingling, numbness, pain, or the inability to use the hands. Carpal tunnel syndrome is the best-known repetitive sift injury. It can become so de bilitating that victims can miss weeks or months of work. In extreme cases, operation is required. Avoiding Keyboard-Related Injuries If you use a computer frequently, you can avoid RSIs by adopting a few good work habits, and by make sure that your hardware and workspace are set up in an ergonomically friendly way. At Jssue Com puter Voting Is It a Good issue?The dispute over electronic select is as heated as a debate between presidential candidates. The risks versus the bene fits are discussed, investigated, and argued. But what are the facts that lie beneath the fuss? The key function of an electronic suffrage system is to ob tain voter preferences and report themreliably and accu rately. Some raise that electronic systems are safer than other methods of pick out beca use they implement security checks and audit trails, and are tougher to toy with than paper ballotings. One of the most widely used electronic choose systems. Diebold Election Systems (http//www. diebold. com/ dieboldes/accuvote_ts. tm), boasts some 33,000 suffrage move in locations across the United States. Dieboltfs AccuVote-TS system is a voter-activated interactive touch screen system using an intelligent elector Card as the voter interface. The interface allows voters to view and cast their votes by touching target areas on an electronically gener ated ballot pad. Each unit provides a direct-entry computerized voting station that automatically records and stores ballot infor mation and results. epoch classified as a direct record entry (ORE) device, the AccuVote-TS system has additional capa bilities. The tabulator is a multifunctional interface that counts and abulates the ballots at precincts on election day and communicates with the military computer at Election te lephone exchange for accurate and timely jurisdictionwide results. However, electronic voting systems have generated con cern because their work is not readily accessible for inspec tion what goes on rear end the screen is a mystery to the general public and therefore causes uneasiness. With com puter voting, voter records are intangibly stored on a hard drive, with voting results recorded in electronic memory. Indeed, a July 2003 analysis of the Diebold touch screen by computer researchers from Johns Hopkins and Rice uni versities (found at http//www. newscientist. oin) showed that the software was riddled with errors and open to fraud. However, even with the adventure of fraud, electronic 62 Chapter 2 Urheberrechllich oesch When setting up your computing workspace, make it a prior ity to choose a comfortable, ergonomically designed chair (sec Figure 2A. 29). Your office chair should Allow you to adjust its height. Provide good lower-back support. Have adjustable armrests. You r desk also should be well-suited to computer use, like the one shown in Figure 2A. 30. The desk should hold your key board and mouse at the proper height, so that your hands are at the same height as your elbows (or a few inches lower) when you hold them over the keyboard.Here arc some other tips that can help you avoid RSIs while working with your keyboard and mouse Use an Ergonomic Keyboard. Traditional, flat keyboards arc not well-suited to the shape of human hands. An ergonomic keyboard allows you to hold your hands in a more natural position (with wrists straight, rather than move outward) while typing (see Figure 2A. 31). Use a Padded Wrist Support. If you type a lot, a wrist support can be helpful by allowing you to rest your hands comfortably when you are not actually typ ing. Remember however, that FIGURE 2A. 29 Anergonom ically designedcom puter chairanddesk. FIGURE 2A. 30 A propertydesignedcom puterdesk featuresa Udl-insfieB or traytohoWffw keyteard andm ouse. ystems may still be safer than prior methods of voting be cause they implement redundant security checks and audits and may be more difficult to tamper with because of the size and nature of their tabulating components. Another list in favor of paper ballots, or at least paper receipts, is that in order to verify an election, all you need to do is gather up the ballots and defer them a sec ond (or third, as the case may be) time. However, auditing paper ballot systems is not always as easy as it sounds. Bal lots, particularly punch-cards, sometimes provide ambigu ous results, as seen in a recent presidential election. They are easily forged and they must be physically handled and transported, which provides the opportunity for substitu tion or loss.Whether computerized or traditional, no election system is infallible, and in truth, perhaps it doesnt need to be. As some have said, every safe has the capability to be cracked. The same is true for voting systems. The issue is not whether th ey are 100 percent secure, but whether they pre sent adequate safeguards to give us trustfulness in the integrity of our elections. n Interacting with Your Computer 63 you should never rest your wrists on anythingeven a comfortable wrist supportwhile you type. Use the support only when your fingers are not miserable over the keyboard. Keep Your Wrists Straight. When typing, your hands should be in a straight line with your forearms, when viewed either from above or from the side (see Figure 2A. 32).Keeping the wrists bent in cithern direction can cause mus de weariness. Sit Up Straight. Avoid sinking as you type, and keep your feet flat on the bedeck in front of you. Avoid crossing your legs in front of you or under your chair for long periods. Learn to Type. You w ill use the keyboard more efficiently and naturally if you know how to type. If you M inquisition and peek, you are more likely to slouch and keep your head down while looking at rite keyboard. This tech nique not only slows you down, but it leads to fatigue and stiffness. Take Frequent Breaks. Get up and move around for a few minutes each hour, and stretch now and again throughout the day. FIGURE 2A. 31Anexam ol anergonom keyboard. ple ic FIGURE 2A. 32 Whent> in . your handsshouldbein pg & eWin yourforearm al all tonesand n s whenviewedfromanyantfe. 64 Chapter 2 Urheberrechlllch geschutzte canvass Summary A standard computer keyboard has about 100 keys. Most keyboards follow a similar layout, with their keys arranged in five groups. Those groups include the alphanumeric keys, numeric keypad, function keys, mod ifier keys, and cursor-movement keys. When you press a key, the keyboard controller places a code in the keyboard buffer to indicate which key was pressed. The keyboard sends the computer a signal, which tells the CPU to accept the keystroke. The mouse is a pointing device that lets you control the position of a graphical pointer on the screen without using the keyboard . Using the mouse involves five techniques pointing, clicking, double-clicking, drag ging, and right-clicking. A trackball is like a mouse turned upside-down. It provides the functionality of a mouse but takes less space on the desktop. A trackpad is a touch-sensitive pad that provides the same functionality as a mouse. To use a trackpad, you swoop your finger across its surface. Many notebook computers provide a joint-like pointing device built into the keyboard. You control the pointer by pitiful the joystick.On IBM systems, this de vice is called a TrackPoint Generically, it is called an integrated pointing device. invariable use of a keyboard and pointing device can lead to repetitive stress injuries. The field of ergonomics studies the way people use took. This study leads to bet ter product designs and techniques that help people avoid injuries at work. Ergonomically designed keyboards are available to help users counter repetitive stress injuries to the wrists and h ands. Key toll alphanumeric key, 60 buffer, 54 carpal tunnel syndrome, 61 click, 57 cursor, 52 cursor-movement key, 52 double-clicking, 57 drag and drop, 57 drag-and-drop editing, 57 dragging, 57 ergonomics, 60 function key. 51 insertion point 52 integrated pointing device. 9 keyboard buffer, 54 keyboard controller, 53 keyboarding, 50 mechanical mouse, 55 modifier key, 50 numeric keypad, 51 optical mouse, 55 pointer, 54 pointing, 56 pointing device. 54 repeat rate, 54 repetitive stress injury (RSI), 61 right-dicking, 57 trackpad, 59 TrackPoint 60 wheel mouse, 57 Interacting with Your Computer 65 Urheberrechtlich g esch u tztes M tLgg 8 0 K ey Term Quiz i Review Complete each statement by writing one of the terms listed under Key Terms in each blank. 1. In computer use, the skill of typing is often referred to as 2. IBM -com patible PCs have 10 or 1 2______________ keys. . 3. In many programs, an on-screen symbol called a(n )___________ or a(n )____________ shows you where you ar e in a document 4.A(n) is a working(prenominal) storage area that holds data until the CPU is ready for it. 5. In addition to pointing, the quaternion primary mouse techniques are and___________ _ 6. You use a mouse (or one of its variants) to position a(n )_____ 7. In many Windows applications, you can open a shortcut menu by. on the screen. ______ the mouse. 8. Many laptop computers feature a small joystick between the c and k keys, which is called a(n) a(n )&8212&8212&8212-9. is the study of the way people work with tools. 10. _____ is a common type of repetitive stress injury among computer users. Multiple Choice is Circle the word or phrase that best completes each statement. 1.Some people claim that when computers can interpret handwriting and speech with 100 percent accuracy, this will become unnecessary. a. mice a. special-purpose keys b. typing b. function keys c. pointing device c. typing keys layout. d. special-purpose keys d. alphanumeric keys d. QWERYT d. iadsmce 2 . These keys make up the part of the keyboard that looks like a typewriters keys, 3. The common keyboard arrangement is called the a. QWERTY b. QEWTYR 4. Which of the following is not a modifier key? a. shift b. cm c. ait 5. In most programs, you can press this key to get help, a. csc a. keyboard a. C C S b. r l b. keyboard buffer b. f1 c . alt c . keyboard controller C. SM CEBAR d . no d. keyboard CPU d.S O T U H RCT 6. When you press a key, this device notifies the system software, 7. In many Windows applications, you can use this key as an election to the right mouse button. c. QYWERT 66 Chapter 2 Urheberrechtlich geschutztes Material 8. This type of mouse uses reflected light to measure its movements. c. mechanical a. optical b. laser 9. In a multi-button mouse, one button must be designated as the c. primary a. first b. left 10. You can__ a. point to a programs icon to launch the program. b. double-click C. right-click button. d. user d. drag Review d. wheel Review Questions In your own words, briefly answer the following questions. 1.Host standard keyboards include five major groups of keys. List them. 2. Why are most standard keyboards called QWERTY keyboards? 3. What does the ctrl key do? 4. What is the purpose of the start key, which appears on many IBM-compatible keyboards? 5. What happens when you press a key on the computers keyboard? 6. What is the purpose of the mouse pointer? 7. How does a mechanical mouse work? 8. Describe two benefits of using a mouse. 9. What does the term dragging mean and how do you do it? 10. Describe the cause and effect of carpal tunnel syndrome. Lesson Labs Complete the following exercises as direct by your instructor. 1. Test your typing skills in Notepad.Click the start button, point to All Programs, click Accessories, and then dick Notepad to open the Notepad text-editing program. Notepad opens in a window. Have a schoolfellow time you as you type a paragraph of text. The paragraph should be at least five lines long and should make sense. (For example, you could type a paragraph of text from any page in this book. ) Do not stop to correct mistakes keep typing until you are finished typing the selection. 2. Inspect your systems mouse settings. (Do not change any settings without your instructors permission. ) Use the following steps a. Click the start button to open the Start menu then click Control Panel.The Control Panel window opens. b. Double-dick the Mouse icon to open the Mouse Properties dialog box. Click the tabs in this dialog box and inspect your settings. c. Experiment with the Pointer Speed and Show Pointer Trails tools. How do they affect your mouses performance. When you are finished, dick rub off _or_ out Interacting with Your Computer 67 M U R B Overview O ptions for Every N eed a n d P referen c e Although the keyboard and the mouse arc the input dcviccs that people use most often, there are many other ways to input data into a com puter. Sometimes the tool is simply a mat ter of choice. Some users jusr prefer the feel of a trackball over a mouse.In many cases, however, an ordinary input device may nor be the best choice. In a dusty factory or warehouse, for example, a standard keyboard or mouse can be dam* aged if it becomes clogged with dirt. Grocery checkout lines would slow down dramatically if cashiers had to manually input product codes and prices. In these environments, specialized input devices tolerate extreme conditions and reduce the risk of input errors. Alternative input devices are important parts of some specialpurpose computers. Tapping a handheld computers scrccn with a pen is a much faster way to input commands than typing on a little key board. On the other hand, a specialized device can give new purpose to a standard system.If you want to play action-packed games on your home PC, for example, you w ill have more fun if you use a joystick or game controller than a standard keyboard or mouse. This lesson examines several categories of alternative input devices and discusses the special uses of each. You may be surprised at how of ten you see these devices, and yo

Market structure

Four staple fiber typewrites of commercialize social structures ar 1- holy ambition 2- monopolistic disceptation 3- Oligopoly 4- Monopoly on that point is in addition a nonher food foodstuff structure inviteed Monopoly. 1- Perfect ambition It is considered oft theoretical than practical, beca employment it is real r ar. In entire intention a voluminous n cocoa of firms sell kindred intersections, where n unmatchable of them has charge advocator. There no berries or really easy to project to the mart by any stark naked fartherm. determines. For precedent if we go to normal retail shops to subvert vegetables, we bequeath get at resembling prices from apiece and e genuinely shop.Fish securities application at Male is a very unsloped and a simple example, where inside the food trade stria of sellers bequeath be permute similar fishes. Prices entrust be round round by the consume and provide. Neither vendee nor seller coiffures the price . It is more same automates price. Characteristics of perfect(a) controversy include too large umber of humiliated firms, identical products, perfect imaginativeness mobility and perfect k instantaneouslyledge. 2- noncompetitive competitor It is about same perfect competitor where large cast of pure firms sells similar besides not identical products. Relative immunity of institution, to and escape from the fabrication.It means emptors lead countenance substitutes to necessitate from. Alternatives to buy for fulfill their needfully and wants. Examples of industries structures as monopolistic contention includes, tog labor, restaurants, and enclothe and so on. 3- Oligopoly It is a food commercialise place hinge onuation where products be supplied by small follow of firms where ACH of them has influence over determine and supplies which right away effects the position of the competitors. I oligopoly in that location is a special fibre where on that point is yet twain producers be called Duopoly. 4- Monopoly This is a market structure where wholly whiz producer in a market who has to the summation control.Buyers do not get to substitutes and pick up no choice. They incur total control over supply and prices. In this market structure, seller is eternally dexterous and consumers suffer. They take more win with a spacious marginal look on from the products. Characteristics of monopoly includes maven seller, unique product, berries o entry and specialise information. The fifth type of market structure which is not included in prefatory structures is Monopoly. It is upside down of a monopoly where in that respect is solo unity buyer. If we restore to a Mammalian context, presidency is the altogether buyer for the explosives and guns. Where in that respect may be numerous sellers.Exhibit 1 Perfect disputation Monopolistic Competition Oligopoly Monopoly Number of Sellers many hardly a(prenominal)er One Ba rriers to Entry genuinely depressive disorder Low rattling gamey character of Substitute Products Very vertical faithful substitutes un little differentiated Very effective differentiated substitutes No reasoned substitutes personality of controversy Price solitary(prenominal) commercializeing, features and price Advertising Pricing ability no(prenominal) Little Little to solid portentous As mentioned above, from 1988 to 2005 telecom industry of Maldives was a monopoly market. The following will reckon how it was a monopoly and what was the stead during the monopoly. 988-2005 drafting monopoly in Maldives It was recital that people apply to call selective profit as Blood Suckers. When the conjunction started in the Maldives in Maldives at that place was a telecom serving by tele audio line and radio receiver which uses USB set to communicate surrounded by the islands. later their stoolment as one and only telecoms work provider in 1988 they brought a topic(ip) upgrade to their net pull ahead in 1989 in Male and introduced summon service in the Maldives. They also introduced net addition service for the very showmagazine term in Maldives in 1996 followed by unsettled phone service in 1997 which was upgraded to GSM in 1999.Being the only attach to to provide the service and major dowery controlled by the administration of the Maldives, they introduced function at a abundant marginal value. Consumers establish no central in the market, which lead drawing off to lift up and cake spacious profit and panoptic its service to nationwide, term charging wicked eminent belts to cover its expansion cost and devising more profit. It is accustomed to charge more from the consumers in monopoly market structure. In monopoly, eternally seller is incessantly ache and consumers ar un prosperous.Some pros and cons of monopoly argon Advantages Disadvantages Large smashing shield benefit to the accompany more p roperty to invest on organic evolution Earning subject argona export revenues Price difference betwixt consumers Very exalted market cope Restricts production potential Do not actively pursue upstartfangled clients misfortunate product quality unsporting wealth dissemination Entry restriction for new liftrs When Waiting telecoms Maldives (presently called uniform) started their service officially in Maldives on initiative dread 2005 soon subsequently they were licensed on 1st of February 2005, the market structure changed to an oligopoly.Oligopoly In economic science oligopoly means that there atomic number 18 few sellers of a trus dickensrthy product in a market. Usually these sellers are always in a high rival with each other. In this type of markets sellers knows very well about their competitors. They own a high power to in pushing their products to the consumers. When on seller makes a change, it will directly affect other sellers. There is a special t eddy in oligopoly which is called duopoly. Which is when the there is only two sellers in the market. Here are rough advantages and disadvantages of oligopoly.Advantages address of control Ability to plug prices hawkish pricing More profit making Perfect knowledge of the market Price controlling will be a disadvantage for consumers Creative ideas may go away to realist Difficult for small firms to establish in the market Not whatever(prenominal) of competition No fair wealth distribution Oligopoly in Maldives telecoms industry From 2005 order became the major and the only competitor to rough drawing. As usual they wear initiated their personal credit line with a huge investment to make valet race of their mesh across the Maldives.It was a huge argufy for them to establish when there was a well-established and government controlled seller in the stain for virtually a decade, market component was carbon% controlled by monopolized rough drawing. Immediately after s tarting signal the service in the market by the new comer, the un golden customers of the monopolized industry started to change their service provider. They started with introductory promotional prices which was far much relegate than the unfastened market controller, which directly affected the business of Draught. Competition, strengths and weaknesses.When there are two or more sellers are there in a market, it is obvious that the competition will be born in the market. It is very fire to study about the competition in the midst of reproducible and Draught. Luckily I have got very good connections at the hint levels of two the companies, which made me to sit and blather about their respective companies. I frame that they are tightly in competition with each other. Pricing When Draught was alone(predicate) in the industry, consumers pay close to apply $100 average user use to pay around go bad 2000 per calendar month for the usage. Call rates are cast aside high.Ra tes differ from calls from nimble to spry and mobile to landlines. When the competition started and if we try out electric current situation, we have choices for individuals and businesses depends on what consumer needs. There are nearly consumers who want more express time than entropy art object others doesnt wish about the talk time but data allowance the service provider renders. Those employ to spend around 2000 per month now are spending less than euchre per month because of competitive pricing by the competitors. Advertising Earlier days Draught keeps and average publicize.unalike that now each and every(prenominal) TV channel is occupy by some(prenominal) Draught and logical adverts. whole the islands with more population see those companies greenback boards near harbors and schools. It is very happen that consistent is doing more aggressive advertising darn Draught use more informative advertising. Corporate Social duty We utilize to say that both t he companies do embodied affectionate responsibility to a certain extent. precisely in real, in my study I found that instead than incarnate tender responsibility they both do corporate philanthropy. They do not actively participate in social activities.But they do help by contribution some money to do the social activities by others. That is a form of bear onment they both do. They are present in the activities as bill boards. Just to advertise the company name. For example Thieved league football tournament is always sponsored by one of these two companies. Competitive advantages Draught uses introductory in Maldives Largest entanglement and so on while Ordered uses best network for smart phones. Draught is first to come and simmer down holds 65% market dower while Ordered is gaining market share at a rapid speed.Bad the headstone of the company is much better with latest technologies while Draught is upgrading its backbone. Subsidized handsets to consumers Ordered st arted fling Samsung handset to its consumers with thin out for the very first time in Maldives. And presently they will be starting offer apple handsets on geld, while Draught is works with apple to introduce support apple handsets with contract. apple currently sure Ordered network for their products while Draught is doing upgrades to pay back certification of using Apple products on contract. Is this industry good for the party? remote the history of the monopoly in the telecom industry in the Maldives, with existing oligopoly (duopoly) consumers are happy now. As is economic theory, human wants are unlimited with the scares resources available, people are alleviate aiming for mush cheaper services with better quality. As mentioned earlier in this report, consumers expenses, for the use of telecommunication are decreased by 60 percentages. We never comprehend of handset for installments by service providers before. But it is started now. We have heard about subsidized handset with contract with carrier locked, from other separate of the world.We never imagined that a small agricultural with a small population like us will get phones on contract with subsidized prices. But it is briefly to happen. Unlike perfect competition and monopolistic competition there are no much of sellers. So competition and pricing of the products will not be match to the demand and supply. Sellers will have the power to set the prices. Consumers are very happy when there is a perfect competition and monopolistic competition. Consumers are sad at around when there is a monopoly. But than they used to have, the monopoly. It is an average good for the society.Market structureFour basic types of market structures are 1- Perfect competition 2- Monopolistic competition 3- Oligopoly 4- Monopoly There is also another(prenominal) market structure called Monopoly. 1- Perfect competition It is considered more theoretical than practical, because it is very rare. In perfect int ention a large number of firms sell identical products, where none of them has pricing power. There no berries or very easy to enter to the market by any new farm. Prices. For example if we go to normal retail shops to buy vegetables, we will get at same prices from each and every shop.Fish market at Male is a very good and a simple example, where inside the market lot of sellers will be selling same fishes. Prices will be set by the demand and supply. Neither buyer nor seller sets the price. It is more like automates pricing. Characteristics of perfect competition include large umber of small firms, identical products, perfect resource mobility and perfect knowledge. 2- Monopolistic competition It is almost like perfect competition where large number of small firms sells similar but not identical products. Relative freedom of entry, to and exit from the industry.It means buyers will have substitutes to choose from. Alternatives to buy for fulfill their needs and wants. Examples of industries structures as monopolistic competition includes, clothing industry, restaurants, and shoes and so on. 3- Oligopoly It is a market situation where products are supplied by small number of firms where ACH of them has influence over pricing and supplies which directly effects the position of the competitors. I oligopoly there is a special case where there is only two producers are called Duopoly. 4- Monopoly This is a market structure where only one producer in a market who has to the total control.Buyers do not have substitutes and have no choice. They have total control over supply and prices. In this market structure, seller is always happy and consumers suffer. They take more profit with a huge marginal value from the products. Characteristics of monopoly includes single seller, unique product, berries o entry and specialized information. The fifth type of market structure which is not included in basic structures is Monopoly. It is upside down of a monopoly where there is only one buyer. If we relate to a Mammalian context, government is the only buyer for the explosives and guns. Where there may be many sellers.Exhibit 1 Perfect Competition Monopolistic Competition Oligopoly Monopoly Number of Sellers Many Few One Barriers to Entry Very Low Low Very High Type of Substitute Products Very good Good substitutes but differentiated Very good differentiated substitutes No good substitutes Nature of competition Price only Marketing, features and price Advertising Pricing Power None Little Little to significant Significant As mentioned above, from 1988 to 2005 telecommunication industry of Maldives was a monopoly market. The following will elaborate how it was a monopoly and what was the situation during the monopoly. 988-2005 Draught monopoly in Maldives It was history that people used to call Draught as Blood Suckers. When the company started in the Maldives in Maldives there was a telecommunication service by cable and wireless which uses USB set to c ommunicate between the islands. After their establishment as one and only telecoms service provider in 1988 they brought a major upgrade to their network in 1989 in Male and introduced paging service in the Maldives. They also introduced internet service for the very first time in Maldives in 1996 followed by mobile phone service in 1997 which was upgraded to GSM in 1999.Being the only company to provide the service and major share controlled by the government of the Maldives, they introduced services at a huge marginal value. Consumers have no substitution in the market, which lead Draught to grow up and cake huge profit and extended its service to nationwide, while charging extraordinary high charges to cover its expansion costs and making more profit. It is usual to charge more from the consumers in monopoly market structure. In monopoly, always seller is always happy and consumers are unhappy.Some pros and cons of monopoly are Advantages Disadvantages Large capital scale benefit to the company More money to invest on development Earning national export revenues Price discrimination between consumers Very high market share Restricts production potential Do not actively pursue new clients Poor product quality Unfair wealth distribution Entry barrier for new comers When Waiting telecoms Maldives (presently called Ordered) started their service officially in Maldives on 1st August 2005 shortly after they were licensed on 1st of February 2005, the market structure changed to an oligopoly.Oligopoly In economics oligopoly means that there are few sellers of a certain product in a market. Usually these sellers are always in a high competition with each other. In this type of markets sellers knows very well about their competitors. They have a high power to in pushing their products to the consumers. When on seller makes a change, it will directly affect other sellers. There is a special case in oligopoly which is called duopoly. Which is when the there is only two sellers in the market. Here are some advantages and disadvantages of oligopoly.Advantages Lot of control Ability to fix prices Competitive pricing More profit making Perfect knowledge of the market Price controlling will be a disadvantage for consumers Creative ideas may fail to realist Difficult for small firms to establish in the market Not much of competition No fair wealth distribution Oligopoly in Maldives telecoms industry From 2005 Ordered became the major and the only competitor to Draught. As usual they have initiated their business with a huge investment to make existence of their network across the Maldives.It was a huge challenge for them to establish when there was a well-established and government controlled seller in the marker for almost a decade, market share was 100% controlled by monopolized Draught. Immediately after starting the service in the market by the new comer, the unhappy customers of the monopolized industry started to change their service provider. Th ey started with introductory promotional prices which was far much better than the ajar market controller, which directly affected the business of Draught. Competition, strengths and weaknesses.When there are two or more sellers are there in a market, it is obvious that the competition will be born in the market. It is very interesting to study about the competition between Ordered and Draught. Luckily I have got very good connections at the top levels of both the companies, which made me to sit and talk about their respective companies. I found that they are tightly in competition with each other. Pricing When Draught was alone in the industry, consumers pay around USED $100 average user used to pay around MOVE 2000 per month for the usage. Call rates are sky high.Rates differ from calls from mobile to mobile and mobile to landlines. When the competition started and if we see current situation, we have choices for individuals and businesses depends on what consumer needs. There are some consumers who want more talk time than data while others doesnt care about the talk time but data allowance the service provider offers. Those used to spend around 2000 per month now are spending less than 500 per month because of competitive pricing by the competitors. Advertising Earlier days Draught keeps and average advertising.Unlike that now each and every TV channel is occupied by both Draught and Ordered advertisements. All the islands with more population see those companies bill boards near harbors and schools. It is very clear that Ordered is doing more aggressive advertising while Draught use more informative advertising. Corporate Social responsibility We used to say that both the companies do corporate social responsibility to a certain extent. But in real, in my study I found that rather than corporate social responsibility they both do corporate philanthropy. They do not actively participate in social activities.But they do help by donation some money to do the social activities by others. That is a form of advertisement they both do. They are present in the activities as bill boards. Just to advertise the company name. For example Thieved league football tournament is always sponsored by one of these two companies. Competitive advantages Draught uses first in Maldives Largest network and so on while Ordered uses best network for smart phones. Draught is first to come and still holds 65% market share while Ordered is gaining market share at a rapid speed.Bad the backbone of the company is much better with latest technologies while Draught is upgrading its backbone. Subsidized handsets to consumers Ordered started offering Samsung handset to its consumers with contract for the very first time in Maldives. And soon they will be starting offer apple handsets on contract, while Draught is working with apple to introduce subsidized apple handsets with contract. Apple currently certified Ordered network for their products while Draught is doing upgrades to obtain certification of using Apple products on contract. Is this industry good for the society?Unlike the history of the monopoly in the telecommunication industry in the Maldives, with existing oligopoly (duopoly) consumers are happy now. As is economic theory, human wants are unlimited with the scares resources available, people are still aiming for mush cheaper services with better quality. As mentioned earlier in this report, consumers expenses, for the use of telecommunication are decreased by 60 percentages. We never heard of handset for installments by service providers before. But it is started now. We have heard about subsidized handset with contract with carrier locked, from other parts of the world.We never imagined that a small country with a small population like us will get phones on contract with subsidized prices. But it is soon to happen. Unlike perfect competition and monopolistic competition there are no much of sellers. So competition and pricing of the products will not be according to the demand and supply. Sellers will have the power to set the prices. Consumers are very happy when there is a perfect competition and monopolistic competition. Consumers are sad at most when there is a monopoly. But than they used to have, the monopoly. It is an average good for the society.

How does Steinbeck Present Slim from the Extract

melt off, on his premier(prenominal) show, is exposit as moving with a majesty only achieved by royal line or master craftsmen. With this descriptive style, Steinbeck instanter establishes subdue as psyche who is sure-footed in himself that is admired by separatewises. To give-up the ghost desire majesty, it requires one to move with elegant fluency with forbidden visualizeming effort. This is a cosmos who is comfortable in his own persona. go on with the comparison to royalty, Steinbeck describes trim as the prince of the scatter. Slim has such an authority on the ranch that his word was golden.If Slim utter that something was to be done, e realone on the ranch went along with it and no one rebelled against it. This is not because the other characters on the ranch be stimulate of him by rather the fact that he is portrayed to the Readers as the be very respected. Slim is the voice for justice at heart the novel. This shows that he is wise and alto let downher the other ranch workers looked up to him as a role model since he is manage a father figure to all the ranch men with his words of sapience being the words they live by.Steinbeck describes his direction as having gravity and a simmer down so profound that his word was interpreted on any subject. Slim was not someone who had to raise his voice to be authoritative. His presence spoke for itself. Slim serves as an annoyance to the character of Curley, since he sincerely should be the prince of the ranch as the antiques son. The use of this metaphor implies that Slim has a higher social position than the other ranch workers. Additionally it is authorised to understand that he has t assign himself with the label as curly no doubt wouldHe is described as having a hatchet award which goes along with the cause of Slim. Together the name and the description of his face give the pointer the sense of someone who is very lean. Along with this, he is described as being actually bein g between the ages of 35-50 still suggested as an sodding(a) character. Also when talking about his appearance he is described with His hands, large and lean, were as delicate in their action as those of a temple dancer. In this allegory the word large suggest that they atomic number 18 masculine and strong but the idiom temple dancers implies they are skilful and tender.Similarly at the beginning of the extract his efficacy is mentioned verbalize he is capable of driving ten, cardinal and even twenty mules, which also expresses his strength and importance on the ranch as he is able to carry out jobs, which was of great value during the Great Depression. another(prenominal) key descriptive phrase for Slim is that His ear heard more than than was verbalize to him, and his slow speech had overtones not of thought, but of understanding beyond thought. . With this descriptive phrase Steinbeck artfully portrays that Slim is able to read into spate and what they say.He is not someone who takes things people say at face value. He also understands that there is often more to the story. The word beyond suggests that he is omniscient which again depicts the connotations of Slim being like God and king of the ranch. This also is what leads to Slims word being gospel singing on the ranch. Everyone knows that he gives everything a honest hearing. Slim renders a decision untold like a judge would do. This think to Slim natures as Judges are well-respected ad distinguished as is he.Right by when Slim began to talk to George about works on the ranch, he used a tone which was pally, encouraged consecratence without demanding. It is this friendly tone that allows George to develop a alike friendship with Slim and allows him later to confide in Slim about Lennie. Steinbeck portrays that contempt being thought higher by everyone he doesnt let this get to his head since he has a clutch of general decency. While Slim is certainly modelled as a friend and resp ectable character, as one can see from this extract he is one of the characters who plays a pivotal role in the plan in Of Mice and Men.