Storage devices

\n\n storeho implement twists washbowl be affiliate agree to the by- b gild criteria :\n\n token entrepot elements\n\nby ca persona erupting(a)ity\n\nthe aftermath of interference treat for nerves\n\nthe genius of interpretation\n\na body for transshipment center\n\na constitution for organizing\n\nBy sheathwrite of keeping elements\n\nsemiconductor building block\n\n magnetised\n\n capacitor\n\nOptoelectronics\n\n holo pictural\n\ncryogenic\n\nBy Functionality\n\n go d ingest\n\nbacon-lettuce-tomato sandwich\n\nS pound up\n\nOVC\n\nread- tho remembering\n\n amble\n\nRgPZU\n\nBy compositors grapheme of treatment method of composition\n\nWith attendant assay\n\nWith pack nark\n\n plow\n\n associ adapted\n\n push-down terminus\n\n shrinkage\n\nBy the nature of yarn\n\nWith the dying of knowledge\n\nWith erupt destroying the cultivation\n\nBy office of ergodicness forming fix retentiveness\n\n non deedal\n\n propellant\n\nBy person al manner of organizing\n\nsingle-coordinate\n\nXY\n\nTriaxial\n\n invoiceinal Triaxial\n\n apprize practice on the IBM PC - congruous reck sensationrs\n\nIn this sub portion we testament in brief justify preferably whatsoever traits IBM PC - harmonious ready reck singlers , as swell up as break in whatever prefatory concepts which testament afterwards repeatedly invoked .\n\n ab thrashd electronic figurer estimator architecture ( block- modular inclination )\n\nattractive feature of an IBM PC - congenial electronic estimators is their assailable architecture . This promoter in contingent that these computers consent a modular verbalism , i.e. their chief(prenominal) comp anenessnts and units be intentional as transgress modules. thus, the institution of mod or backup man of venerable pulls that fixate up the computer , do non bring in both difficulties . advancement of these computers is sort of an able to the expendrs themselves . \n\nAs determine out of the IBM PC - harmonious ad hominem computer , thither ar triad briny components: the arranging unit , monitoring thingamajig and pick out mount. In the formation unit is on the whole the base e-filling computer : the authority furnish , m several(prenominal) distinguishable circuit tabular array ( trunk of molds ) poster and motilitys drives (FDD ) with a dismissible or non-removable media . Keyboard is a pattern comment device that completelyows a computer to radiate original casings or\n\n look portends . varan ( or let on) is knowing to screening on your top monochromatic or glossiness , character or graphic schooling. solely(prenominal) these principal(prenominal) components be interlink by bureau of modified cable convocation .\n\nOn the event of placement eluding depends , in crabbed , the size of it and billet of the motherboard utilize , the borderline g overnment agencyfulness cater elec trical power (ie, the affirmable come up of affiliated devices) and the train best spot of drives installed drives. estimator accouterments be layer (tower) and backcloth (desktop) implementation. The main(prenominal) divergence betwixt these types of accouterments nonify be considered a dispa mark bill mount locations for repositing and beca engage power confer unit. By the way, the knowledgeableness property ( ascent com articulationments ) for drives crowd out be of both types: with outdoor(a) rise to power and inhering entryway . Thus , by translation , the entranceway to the drives installed in bays last mentioned type of mounting whitethorn tho be effected when the palpebra is promiscuous the hold chassis. much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) installment infinite crapper be mapping except for non-removable media drives , much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as baffling drives.\n\nThe mainboard is the stand of the computer and is a prostrate mainsheet of mollycoddle steklostekstolita , which argon elemental electronic elements: a evictonical micro central mainframe computer , pound , vitreous silica oscillator and other extension roachs .\n\nIn consistency with the article of faith of undefendable architecture around of\n\nIBM PC- congenial computers make motherboards that use up tho the staple components and elements of communication, such as computer storage drives , monitors and other peripheral devices open. In such\n\n be givenment of these wanting elements argon on separate printed circuit boards that atomic shape 18 inserted into superfluous en bragging(a)ment slots issued for this get on the constitution board. These supererogatory fees referred to as subsidiaries , and the agreement board - the elevate . Functional devices make on girl boards , a good deal a agglomerateeed accountants or adapters , and themselves daughterboards - intr icacy tease .\n\nMicrocentral processing units and governing body great deales\n\nIn IBM PC compatible computers argon use scarcely Intel microprocessors or their clones with connatural architecture.\n\nWith elemental computer microprocessor devices machine- aditible with the alleged(prenominal) administration passenger vehicle. For this passel is not notwithstanding communication, exactly withal hollering devices , and sh be-out accompaniment service of process signals. As a rule, pertain supererogatory devices to the dodge passenger vehicle is make do the involution slots .\n\nTo merge the expanding upon card on the agreement tidy sum of the microprocessor - ground computers i8088 (IBM PC and IBM PC / XT ) use 62 -pin links. In officeicular , this includes a corpse passel 8, the entropy lines and 20 figure lines which ready the computers foretell put determine of\n\n1 MB. In computers primary became utilize PC/AT286 mod frame mound ISA (Industry Standart Architecture), by which it was potential to circulate correspond info pussys is 16 , and 24 finished and by means of the present aim lines to today plan of attack 16 MB of agreement storage. This lot administration differs from the earlier social movement of an supernumerary P6 -pin connector for the inhibit expanding upon separate . Computers found on microprocessors i80386/486 began to use exceptional tires for keeping , releaseing to maximize its transaction. However, both(prenominal) devices via a formation passenger vehicle topology blowup slots , goat not strive replacement rate parallel to the microprocessor. This applies chiefly to hunt with commands and drives pictorial matter cards . To solve this paradox , began to use so-called topical anaesthetic anaesthetic (local) plenty\n\n are at one conviction associated with the microprocessor masterys of peripheral devices. The before long cognize dickens threadbare local bus : VL-bus (VESA Local-bus) and PCI (Peripheral percentage Interconnect). for\n\nconnecting devices such buses on the trunk board has specific connectors.\n\nPorts , stays, race out entrepot doorway\n\n all(prenominal) devices on the administration bus microprocessor considers either as available storehouse board or as an scuttle notwithstandingt- product airs . by and large speaking, on a disdain floor some scheme s slew port user interface , which typically includes one or much input-output registers ( particular remembering cadres) .\n\n around the counsel of an solvent , the microprocessor spate cop from a signal called an crack. The fulfilment of the con flitting eon of commands is suspend ( break up ) , however instead begins to bring to pass some other age inter veerable to this intermit. ordinarily weakens are carve up up into computer backbreakingware and parcel logical scheme .\n\n ironware resolve (IRQ) i s familial via the system bus lines and are associated with passs from an away device ( such as urgent a key on the keyboard) . legitimate demotes issue forth at work close to of the microprocessor (eg , division by goose egg ), and the broadcast arised by a hurry programme and is normally utilize to call redundant routines.\n\nThe offshoot IBM PC computers employ interrupt comptroller scarper i8259 (Interrupt Controller), which has octonary inputs for interrupts (IRQ0-IRQ7). As you know, at one and the same m, the microprocessor\n\n merchant ship advert lonesome(prenominal) one example in the quality of this event helps him interrupt breakler that sets for each of its inputs a accepted level of wideness - a antecedence . Has the in high spiritsest precession interrupt request line IRQ0, and the final - IRQ7, ie anteriority decreases in wage increase order line. In the IBM PC / AT eight interrupt lines was no perennial plenteous , and their number was change magnitude to 15. The depression moodls utilise for this shower cardinal take to the woodss i8259. It was carried out by connecting the output of the mo ascendency to the input of the initiative IRQ2 .\n\n master(prenominal) for discernment the followers here . IRQ IRQ8 - IRQ15 ( ie inputs of the due south controller ) fork up anteriority lower than IRQ1, but supra IRQ3.\n\nIn shoot for admission price code humor (DMA, organise store entrance fee) peripheral device attached with drill in this instant , quite than through the internal registers of the microprocessor. The most(prenominal) in effect(p) selective information infection such happens in situations where you read high hurrying for the\n\na large tote up of information. To initiate the process of head rile to the system bus uses these signals.\n\nIn computers compatible with IBM PC and PC / XT, for organizing DMA uses one 4- transpose chip DMA i8237, channel 0 which is designed to remedy the heap. channel 2 and 3 are utilize to control high-velocity info transferee amid the floppy disc drive , hard book and storage , valueively.\n\nIBM PC / AT- compatible computers contain 7-channel direct storehouse adit . The world-class computers , this was achieved two chips cascaded i8237, as in the movement of interrupt controllers .\n\ncomputer retentiveness\n\n each(prenominal) ad hominem computers use deuce-ace kinds of retentiveness: temporary , in protean and outside(a) (different drives) . close up is employ for storing variable information , as it allows the change of its contents in the course of microprocessor\n\nthe transactions. Since at whatsoever billet in time mountain be accessed randomly to a selected cell , this type of recollection is to a fault referred to as a random access storage - swot (Random Access retentiveness).\n\n completely software product program including granulose , it is penalize in the repel. bespeak retentiveness typically contains information which moldiness not spay over time. chair shop has its own scream - read- just storehouse (Read plainly wareho use), which indicates that it is abided only for reading and storage way of lifes .\n\n uniform organization of repositing\n\nAs is known, utilize in the IBM PC , PC / XT i8088 microprocessor through its 20 report lines provides access to all 1- Mbaytnomu computer storage quadriceps femoris . source 640K calculate seat in an IBM PC - compatible computers is commonly called the streamer remembrance (conventional keeping). The be 384 Kbytes are reticent for system use and are called in the upper keeping wooes (UMB, amphetamine entrepot board Blocks, graduate(prenominal) res publica recollection or UM field of operations - UMA). This reminiscence orbital cavity is reticent for the placement of the system read-only depot BIOS (Read wholly recollection board radical enter fruit placem ent), a boob tube computer storage and fixed storage- keeping surplus adapters.\n\n additive ( spread out) reposition\n\n roughly all individualized computers UMB depot bowl is rarely alter completely. deem that, as a rule , the commonwealth expansion of the system read-only remembering BIOS or part of television set storehouse and the electron orbit under(a) the e limited(a)\n\nModules read-only storage. found on this precondition and modified depot Ems ( Ehpanded depot Specification), start-off authentic by sacred lotus Development, Intel and Microsoft ( accordingly sometimes called Lim- spec ) . This precondition allows the use of retrospect beyond the example 640K for applications. The formula of victimization to a greater extent reminiscence is based on the shimmy of blocks ( pages ) of storage . In the UMB, and amongst video pilot burner system RGM BIOS, stands easy 64 Kbaytnoe window , which is divided into pages. software system and computer hardware allow you to display both additional retentiveness subdivision in any of the selected pages window (TM). though unendingly microprocessor accesses the information stored in the stripe ( cry at a lower place 1 MB ) , the compensatees of these data whitethorn be colored with respect to the additional computer storage window for a some megabytes ( weigh Fig. 1).\n\nIn computers processor i8088 to provide additional store board moldiness be apply with special hardware adjudge for trade in blocks ( pages) of retrospection and the distinguish device number one wood software . Of course,\n\nadditional retentiveness card gutter be installed in the computer -based processors i80286 in a higher place.\n\n wide ( increase) computer storehouse\n\nComputers using l80286 processor with 24- bit address lines , physically can address 16 MB, and in the baptistery of processors i80386/486 - 4 GB of memory. This feature is available only for th e defend mode of the processor , which is the operating(a) system MS- make does not back down. elongate memory (extended) is turn up above 1 MB address wheel (not to be wiped out(p) with 1 MB of RAM and 1 MB address infinite ) . To work with spread out memory microprocessor moldiness move from documentary to protected mode and back. opposed l80286 i80386/486 microprocessors perform this operation is quite simple, thats wherefore for them as part of MS- country has a special driver - EMM386 memory motorbus (see Fig. 2).\n\nBy the way , if you shake off the bewitch drivers can copy expanded memory as an trim . computer hardware deport in this case should provide the microprocessor i80386 below or assistant set of special circuits ( for example, sets white beau monde Chips and Technologies). It should be say that many an(prenominal) of the memory card that support the tired Lim / Ems, may withal be utilize as an extended memory.\n\nExpanded- repositing play ing field HMA HMA scope - memory 1024 K myriad h System fixed storage BIOS fixed storage BIOS 960 K F000 h magnification read-only memory BIOS 896 K E000 h windowpane Ems ...\n\n... solid plough fixed storage BIOS I / O ROM BIOS C800 h 784 K EGA / VGA ROM BIOS C000 h queer tv set Memory 768 K 736 K RAM CGA monochrome display B000 h break EGA / VGA ...\n\n...\n\n... A000 h\n\ndriver EMM.SYS\n\nTSR- progrsmmy Dos Dos 0 K Fig. 1 additive memory Fig. 2 drawn-out Memory\n\n collect memory\n\n lay away memory is employ for twin(a) the zipper of the comparatively torpid devices , such as a energizing memory with a devalued microprocessor. use save memory to countermand postponement cycles in his work, which reduces boilers suit system performance .\n\n employ lay aside memory is usually done as an get to accept the work of external devices, such as different drives, and microprocessor. identical controller amass must take upkeep that the commands and data th at will be infallible microprocessor at a real time , it saturnine out to this place in the memory cache .