Definition of Terms Essay

A pre-Socratic classic materialist philosopher. Democritus was a disciple of Leucippus and co-originator of the belief that all matter is made up of various imperishable, undividable elements which he cal lead atoma or indivisible units, from which we get the English countersignature atom. Mesopotamia A cradle of civilization geographically located in the midst of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, largely gibe to modern-day Iraq. Sumer in southern Mesopotamia is commonly regarded as the worlds earliest civilization.Cities in Mesopotamia later served as capitals of the Akkadian, Babylonian, Assyrian, Mitanni, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Parthian, Sassanid and Abbasid empires. Idea A opinion or abstraction throwed and existing in the mind. Hu gentlemans gentleman faculty to contemplate ideas is associated with the ability of reasoning, self-reflection, and the ability to acquire and apply intellect. Further, ideas give hold water to actual concepts, or mind generalizations, which are the basis for any engaging of knowledge whether science or philosophy. HumbabaA monstrous giant of antique age raised by Utu, the Sun. Humbaba orHuwawa was also the guardian of the Cedar plant where the gods lived. Anubis The Greek name for the antique jackal-headed god of the dead in Egyptian mythology whose hieroglyphic version is more accurately spelled Anpu. He is also cognize as Sekhem Em Pet. Prayers to Anubis exhaust been found carved on the about ancient tombs in Egypt indeed, the Unas text (line 70) associates him with the Eye of Horus. He serves as both a guide of the recently departed and a guardian of the dead.Kumarbi Kumarbi microchip off the genitals of Anu and spat out three new gods. This is tie in in the Hittite myth Kingship in Heaven Alalu was all overthrown by Anu who was in turn overthrown by Kumarbi. When Anu tried to escape Kumarbi bites off his genitals. Anu tells his son that he is now pregnant with the Teshub, Tigris and Tasmisu. Upon h earing this Kumarbi spit the semen upon the ground and it became impregnated with cardinal children. Kumarbi becomes pregnant and is cut open to deliver Tesub. Together, Anu and Teshub depose Kumarbi TammuzTammuz was established in honor of the eponymous god Tammuz, who originated as a Sumerian shepherd-god, Dumuzid or Dumuzi, the consort of Inanna and, in his Akkadian form, the parallel consort of Ishtar. The Syrian Adonis ( master copy), who was drawn into the Greek pantheon, is another counterpart of Tammuz,son and consort. The Aramaic name Tammuz seems to have been derived from the Akkadian form Tammuzi, based on first Sumerian Damu-zid. Oligarchy A form of government where political personnel effectively rests with a small elect segment of society (whether distinguished by wealth, family or military machine powers).The word oligarchy is from the Greek words for few. Aton Aton was the focus of Akhenatens religion, but regard Aton as Akhenatens god is a simplification. Aton is the name given to flirt the solar disc. The term Aton was used to designate a disc, and since the sun was a disc, gradually became associated with solar deities. Aton expresses indirectly the life-giving force of light. Babylon A metropolis of ancient Mesopotamia, the ruins of which can be found in pre displace-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq, about 85 kilometers (55 mi) south of Baghdad.It was the holy metropolis of Babylonia from virtually 2300 BC, and the indue of the Neo-Babylonian Empire from 612 BC. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon was sensation of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The Iliad The poem concerns events during the 10th and final year in the siege of the city of Ilion, or Troy, by the Greeks (See Trojan War). The word Iliad means pertaining to Ilion (in Latin, Ilium), the city proper, as contradictory to Troy (in Greek, ????? , Troia in Latin, Troia), the state focus oned around Ilium, over which Priam reigned.The label Ilium and Troy are often used interchangeably. Hyksos An Asiatic population who invaded the eastern Nile Delta, initiating the Second Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt. They rose to power in the 17th century BC, (according to the traditional chronology) and ruled Lower and center field Egypt for 108 years, forming the Fifteenth and possibly the Sixteenth Dynasties of Egypt, (c. 16481540 BC). 1 This 108-year period follows the Turin Canon, which gives the six kings of the Hyksos 15th Dynasty a total reign length of 108 years. 2 EpimetheusEpimetheus (hindsight, literally hind-thought) was the brother of Prometheus (foresight, literally fore-thought), a pair of Titans who acted as representatives of mankind (Kerenyi 1951, p 207). They were the inseparable sons of Iapetus, who in other contexts was the father of Atlas. While Prometheus is characterized as ingenious and clever, Epimetheus is depicted as foolish. Attica A periphery (subdivision) in Greece, containing Athens, the capital of Greece. Attica is subdivided into the prefectures of Athens, Piraeus, East Attica and West Attica. EnkiA graven image in Sumerian mythology, later known as Ea in Babylonian mythology, originally chief god of the city of Eridu. He was the deity of crafts . The exact convey of his name is uncertain the common translation is churchman of the Earth the Sumerian en is translated as a title resembling to lord Nebuchadnezzar II A ruler of Babylon in the Chaldean Dynasty, who reigned c. 605 BC-562 BC. He is famous for his monumental building within his capital of Babylon, his role in the Book of Daniel, and his reflection of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon and known among Christians and Jews for his conquests of Judah and Jerusalem.Ionians One of the four master(prenominal) ancient Greek phyla or tribes, linked by their use of the ionic dialect of the Greek language whose settlements were located principally on the Islands between Greece and Anatoliabut whose peoples settled on both coasts as well (giv ing revoke to the eponymously named parting of Ionia), which migrations includes only the southern areas of the Greek mainland including Athens. Akhenaten Meaning Effective shade of Aten, jump known as Amenhotep IV (sometimes read as Amenophis IV and meaning Amun is Satisfied) before his first year, was a Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt.He is particularly noted for attempting to compel the Egyptian population in the monotheistic idolise of Aten, although there are doubts as to how successful he was at this. Inanna The goddess of recognise and war, if Inanna wasnt strapping on her battle sandals,she was seen swaggering around the streets of her legal residence town, dragging young men out of the taverns to have sex with her. contempt her association with mating and fertility of public and animals, Inanna was not a get under ones skin goddess, and is rarely associated with childbirth. Inanna was also associated with rain and storms and with the planet Venus..Boun dless It is symbolized by the timelessness sign which is like an inverted number 8. Ii manifests the eternal powers of a god-king which is limitless. Annunaki A group of Sumerian and Akkadian deities related to, and in some cases lapping with, the Annuna (the Fifty Great Gods) and the Igigi (minor gods). The name is variously written da-nuna, da-nuna-ke4-ne, or da-nun-na, meaning something to the effect of those of royal blood or princely offspring or heaven and earth (Anu-na-ki) The Annunaki appear in the Babylonian creation myth, Enuma Elish.Shamash nitty-gritty sun. Both in early and in late inscriptions Sha-mash is designated as the offspring of Nannar, i. e. of the moon-god, and since, in an enumeration of the pantheon, Sin generally takes precedence of Shamash, it is in relationship, presumably, to the moon-god that the sun-god appears as the dependent power. Academy An institution of higher learning, research, or honorary membership. The name traces back to Platos school o f philosophy, founded approximately 385 BC at Akademia, a sanctuary of Athena, the goddess of wisdom, north of Athens.Sparta A Dorian Greek military city-state, originally centered in Laconia. Sparta emphasized military training, and subsequently achieving notable victories over the Athenian and Persian Empires, regarded itself as the natural shielder of Greece. The Kings of Sparta were believed to be the direct descendants of Hercules. Hephaestus The Greek god whose papist equivalent was Vulcan he was the god of technology, blacksmiths, craftsmen, artisans, sculptors, metals and metallurgy, and fire.He was worshipped in all the manufacturing and industrial centers of Greece, especially Athens identified by Greek colonists in southern Italy with the volcano gods Adranus of Mount Etna and Vulcanus of the Lipara islands, and his forge moved here by the poets. Uruk An ancient city of Sumer and later Babylonia, set east of the present rump of the Euphrates, on the line of the anc ient Nil canal, in a region of marshes, some 30 km east of As-Samawah, Al-Muthanna, Iraq. Octavian The name Gaius Octavius. His father, of the same name, came from a respectable but undistinguished family of the equestrian order and had been governor of Macedonia. subsequently Octavius birth, his father gave him the cognomen of Thurinus, possibly to commemorate his victory at Thurii over a rebellious band of slaves. Dialectics A controversy, that is, the exchange of arguments and counter-arguments respectively advocating propositions (theses) and counter-propositions (antitheses). The force of the exercise might not simply be the refutation of one of the relevant points of view, but a synthesis or combination of the fence assertions. Gaea The Greek goddess personifying the Earth. Her roman print equivalent was Terra . derives from the Greek words Ge (??) = Earth (Pelasgian), and *aia = grandmother (PIE The Republic A Socratic dialogue by Plato, written approximately 360 BC. It i s an influential work of philosophy and political theory, and maybe Platos best known work. Minotaur A creature that was part man and part bull. Minotaur is Greek for Bull of Minos. It dwelt at the center of the Labyrinth, which was an elaborate maze-like construction built for King Minos of Crete and designed by the architect Daedalus and his son Icarus who were enjoin to build it to hold the Minotaur. The Minotaur was eventually killed by Theseus UtnapishtimIn the eleventh diggings of the Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Utnapishtim the faraway is the wise king of the Sumerian city state of Shuruppak who, a gigantic with his unnamed wife, survived a great flood sent by Enlil to drown every living thing on Earth. Kadesh An ancient city of the Levant, located on the Orontes River, probably identical to the remains at Tell Nebi Mend,about 24 km southwest of Hims ,in what is now western Syria . Kadesh is first noted as one of two Canaanite cities (the other being Megiddo) that led a c oalition of city-states opposing the conquest of the Levant by Thutmose trineNeanderthals A species of the Homo genus (Homo neanderthalensis or Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) that inhabited europium and parts of western Asia. The first proto-Neanderthal traits appeared in Europe as early as 350,000 years ago. Stela A stone or woody slab, generally taller than it is wide, erected for funerary or commemorative purposes, about usually adorn with the names and titles of the deceased or livinginscribed, carved in easing (bas-relief, sunken-relief, high-relief, etc), or painted onto the slab. Pandora The first woman, Each god helped create by giving her unique gifts.Zeus ordered her creation as a punishment for mankind, in retaliation for Prometheus having stolen fire and then giving it to humans for their use. She is most famous for carrying a jar (pithos) (or box) containing all the worlds evils. She releases these evils, but closes the lid before Hope can escape. Knossos The larg est Bronze mount up archaeological site on Crete, probably the ceremonial and political center of the Minoan civilization and culture. The city of Knossos remained weighty through the Classical and Roman periods Pax RomanaThe latin term for the Roman peace (sometimes Pax Augusta), was the long period of relative peace and minimal expansion by military force experienced by the Roman Empire between 27 BC and 180 AD. Augustus Caesar led Rome into the moderation of Pax Romana, and his successors for the most part imitated his policy. This period ended with the death of Marcus Aurelius, which is considered the start of the decline of the Roman Empire. Xerxes A king of Persia (reigned 485465 BC) of the Achaemenid dynasty. Xerxes (?????? ) is the Greek form of the Old Persian lav name Xsayarsa, meaning Ruler of heroes.Xerxes was victorious during the initial battles. At the battle of Thermopylae, a small force of warriors, led by King Leonidas of Sparta, resisted the frequently larger Persian forces, but were ultimately defeated, after a Greek man called Ephialtes betrayed his country by telling the Persians of another pass around the Hot Gates Mountains to corner them. Thebes A city in Greece, situated to the north of the Cithaeron range, which divides Boeotia from Attica, and on the southern edge of the Boeotian plain. Thebes played an important role in the fabric of Greek myth, being the site of the stories of Cadmus, Oedipus, Dionysus.