Overview of Bones in the Human Body

Overview of B anes in the Human BodyThe skull is the top of the skeleton and consists of the braincase and disappoint jaw. The cranial crashof the skull is composed of separate finger cymbals united at immobile joints called sutures. These sutures atomic number 18 held by sutural ligaments. The skull is do of compact b unitary, cover with periosteum, anda layer of diploe. The mandible is connected to the cranium by a synovial joint called thetemporomandibular joint. The cranium houses the brain and supports the face. The number of drum in the skull totals 22. The skull cram can be divided into deuce groups. The wads of thecranium and facial. The five-spot finger cymbals of the cranium consist of one frontal, two parietal, oneoccipital, two temporal, one sphenoid, and one ethmoid mug up. The facial cram consist of twozygomatic trick outs, two maxillae, two nasal drum, two lacrimal osseous meanders, one vomer, two palatalizedbones, two Inferior conchae, and one mandible .In the thoracic cage we see the askant ribs, costal cartilages, dorsal thoracicvertebrae, sternum, and the xiphoid. The thoracic cavity protects the touchwood and lungs. This cage as well supports the berm girdles and upper limbs and attached you will notice the neck, chest, andSkeletons and castanets PG 2.muscles. The sternum or breastbone has three fused bones. We throw 12 ribs total. The ribs areither floating ribs or squ be(a) ribs. The true ribs 1-7 are attached to the sternum. Ribs 8-10 areconsidered false ribs. The ribs 11-12 are considered floating ribs and do not attach to thesternum. The scapula is a flat, triangular bone which articulates lateral passly with the clavicle andwith the humerous. We support two identical couples. The clavicles are a pair of recollective bones thatconnect the scapula to the sternum. The clavicles are cylindrical bones around 6 inches long.They are located in the thoracic parting superior and prior to the first rib. Each clavicle runstransversely and forms a joint with the sternum on its medial arrest and the scapula on its lateralend. (Bones structure and mechanics, Pg. 47) The clavicles, along with the scapulae, formthe pectoral girdle that attaches the bones of the arm to the trunk. The sternoclavicular joints arethe only bony affixations betwixt the pectoral girdles and the bones of the axial skeleton.Several muscles of the neck and shoulder also attach to the clavicle, including the musculus pectoralismajor, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, and deltoid.The vertebra column consists of 33 vertebrae. The first 24 vertebra are articulatingvertebrae, seven cervical, 12 thoracic, five lumbar, and the set out nine are fused. Then followingwe puddle five fused in the sacrumand four in the coccyx. The spinal furnish protects the spinalcord. The human vertebral column is the backbone or spine, consisting of 30 three in total.The vertebra are small bones forming the backbone and they go a hole through whic h thespinal cord passes. The ilium is the upmost and rangyst part of the coxa bone. This bone iswide, flat, and provides attachment points. The curved ischium forms the lower and back part ofthe hip bone. This bone is below the ilium and bed the pubis. The superior portion of thisSkeleton and Bones PG 3.bone forms approximately one third of the acetabulum. The proboscis rests on these bones while in seance position. The pubic bone is the ventral and frontal of the three bones which serve up halfof the pelvis. The pubic bone is covered the mons pubis. at that place is a superior ramus and aninferior ramus noted.The pubis is the lowest and most anterior portion of the hip bones of thepelvis. The pubic symphysis, is where the two hip bones of the pelvis are fused together. Thehumerus is the upper arm long bone, it extends from shoulder to elbow. The proximal end has asmooth round head that articulates with scapula.The cylindrical shaped humerus has two rounded processes called the greater and lessertubercles. The distal end of the humerus has two articulating surfaces, the trochlea whicharticulates with the ulna and the capitulum, which articulates with the radius at the elbow. Theulnais a long bone located on the opposite side of the forearm from the thumb. It attaches to thehumerus on the large end and joins with the carpal bones of the hand at its smaller end. It liesmedially and parallel to theradius.The forearm has two large bones, the radius and the ulna, ofwhich the radius is the large bone. The radius is located on the lateral side of the forearmbetween the elbow and the articulatio radiocarpea joints.The pectoral girdle is the skeletal framework that provides attachment for the scapulasand clavicles.The Pelvic Girdle is composed of 2 hip bones and sacrum. The talus bone,astragalus, or ankle bone is one of the group of foot bones known as the tarsus. The tarsus formsthe lower part of the ankle through its articulations with the lateral and me dial malleoli of thetwo bones of the lower oarlock, the tibia and fibula. The tarsus transmits the entire fish of the bodyto the foot. The calcaneus or heel bone is a bone of the tarsus of the foot which constitutes theSkeleton and Bones PG 4.heel. The metatarsal bones, or metatarsus are five long bones in the foot, located between thetarsal bones of the hind- and mid-foot and the phalanges of the toes. (Fundamentals of AnatomyPhysiology) The metatarsal bones are numbered from the medial side the first, second, third,fourth, and twenty percent metatarsal. A tarsal is considered one of the seven bones of the tarsus. Themetacarpals are long bones wi lightly the hand that are connected to the carpals, or wrist bones, andto the phalanges, or finger bones. The tops of the metacarpals form the knuckles where they jointo the wrist. On the palm side, they are covered with connective tissue. There are eighter smallcarpel bones that sit between the distal ends of the radius and ulna. They have five metacarpals.The size of these metacarpals vary and have different shapes. The phalanges are digital longbones found in the hands and feet. There are generally three noted, distal, middle, and proximalfor each digit. The only exception the thumbs and large toes.The fibula is a leg bone located on the lateral side of the tibia, with which it is connectedabove and below. It is the smaller of the two lower leg bones and the slenderest of all the longbones. The tibia is the larger and stronger of the two lower leg bones and it connects the human kneewith the ankle bones. The tibia is found on the medial side of the leg next to the fibula. It is thesecond largest bone in the human body next to the femur. The patella is a circular-triangularbonewhich articulates with the femur and covers the anterior articular surface of the knee joint.The femur articulates with the acetabulumin the pelvic bone forming the hip joint, while thedistal part of the femur articulates with the tibia and patella forming the knee joint. The femur isthe strongest bone in the body.1. Briefly identify and discuss the microscopical structures of compact boneSkeleton and Bones PG 5. bid bone contains fit(p) organs that form parts of the endoskeleton. Compact boneassist the body to move, supports it, and protects organs. Compact bone produces red and whiteblood cells and store minerals. The cortical bone is one of the two types of osseous tissue thatform bones. cortical bone is often most prominent in the human femur and tibia. The outer layeris dense and forms the flower stalk of the long bones. Compact bone is made up of concentric layers ofmineral deposits surrounding a primal opening. The cylindrical shaped osteon is the mainstructure that makes the outer layer of bones hard. They typically run parallel. The cortical boneis considered approximately 80% of get along bone. Each unit is generally made up of theHaversian groove, Volkmanns canals, osteocytes, and canalulis. (Bone s structure and mechanics,Pg. 212) Compact bone contains a central canal, called the Haversian canal, along withconcentric layers of bone called interstitial lamellae.The Haversian canal is actually surrounded with rings of lamellae. Lamellae are madeup of bone matrix, collagen fibers, and mineral crystals. Interstitial lamellae are contained in thespaces between osteons. cancellate or spongy bone has less strength than compact bone andwithin the Haversian canal is composed of a layer of endosteum. This connective tissue is rich innerve fibers and blood vessels. Blood cells within the canal carry nutrients and waste to andaway from the outer layer of the bone. These systems of canals and lamellae are also calledosteons. Spongy bone is hollow and appears like a sponge. They contain thin spicules are knownas trabeculae. In between these cavities you will honour red or yellow bone.Volkmanns canals aresmall channels in the bone that transmit blood vessels from the periosteum into the b one andthese canals provide energy and treasure osteons. Trabecular bone is another name for spongySkeleton and Bones PG 6.bone and can be found at the ends of long bones. (Haversian system, Pg. 12) grand bones is most of the appendicular skeleton. The ends of the long bones are epiphysis,its shaft is called the diaphysis. The surroundings or periphery of the epiphysis and diaphysis aremade up of compact bone. In between long bones are epiphyseal plates and this is the regionwhere bone growth occurs. The long bone is covered of the fibrous sheath called periosteum.The periosteum protects the bone and allows it to attach to other bones.